How to format your references using the Zoological Studies citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Zoological Studies. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Sumper M (2002) A phase separation model for the nanopatterning of diatom biosilica. Science 295:2430–2433

A journal article with 2 authors

Snyder M, Gerstein M (2003) Genomics. Defining genes in the genomics era. Science 300:258–260

A journal article with 3 authors

Thürmer K, Hwang RQ, Bartelt NC (2006) Surface self-organization caused by dislocation networks. Science 311:1272–1274

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Alper H, Moxley J, Nevoigt E, et al (2006) Engineering yeast transcription machinery for improved ethanol tolerance and production. Science 314:1565–1568

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Evtukh A, Hartnagel H, Yilmazoglu O, et al (2015) Vacuum Nanoelectronic Devices. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK

An edited book

Adams NM, Freemont PS (eds) (2011) Advances in Nuclear Architecture. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht

A chapter in an edited book

Simovici DA, Djeraba C (2008) Partially Ordered Sets. In: Djeraba C (ed) Mathematical Tools for Data Mining: Set Theory, Partial Orders, Combinatorics. Springer, London, pp 129–172

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Zoological Studies.

Blog post

Davis J (2016) Norwegian Governments Votes To Go Carbon Neutral By 2030. In: IFLScience. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1981) A Bibliography of Documents Issued by the GAO on Matters Related to: Health. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Greene GL (2015) An Analysis of the Comparison between Classroom Grades Earned with a Standards-Based Grading System and Grade-Level Assessment Scores as Measured by the Missouri Assessment Program. Doctoral dissertation, Lindenwood University

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Cowen T (2014) Gauging the Gender Gap, Present and Future. New York Times BU7

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Sumper 2002).
This sentence cites two references (Sumper 2002; Snyder and Gerstein 2003).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Snyder and Gerstein 2003)
Three or more authors: (Alper et al. 2006)

About the journal

Full journal title	Zoological Studies
Abbreviation	Zool. Stud.
ISSN (online)	1810-522X
Scope