How to format your references using the Yakuzai Ekigaku (Japanese Journal of Pharmacoepidemiology) citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Yakuzai Ekigaku (Japanese Journal of Pharmacoepidemiology). For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Gaston KJ. Ecology. Valuing common species. Science. 2010 Jan 8;327(5962):154–5.

A journal article with 2 authors

Pontzen A, Governato F. Cold dark matter heats up. Nature. 2014 Feb 13;506(7487):171–8.

A journal article with 3 authors

Lightowlers RN, Taylor RW, Turnbull DM. Mutations causing mitochondrial disease: What is new and what challenges remain? Science. 2015 Sep 25;349(6255):1494–9.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Shu DG, Morris SC, Han J, Chen L, Zhang XL, Zhang ZF, et al. Primitive deuterostomes from the Chengjiang Lagerstätte (Lower Cambrian, China). Nature. 2001 Nov 22;414(6862):419–24.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Chaskalson M. The Mindful Workplace. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2011.

An edited book

Lee PJ, Cheon JH, editors. Information Security and Cryptology – ICISC 2008: 11th International Conference, Seoul, Korea, December 3-5, 2008, Revised Selected Papers. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2009. XIII, 433 p. (Lecture Notes in Computer Science; vol. 5461).

A chapter in an edited book

Fuhl W, Kübler T, Sippel K, Rosenstiel W, Kasneci E. ExCuSe: Robust Pupil Detection in Real-World Scenarios. In: Azzopardi G, Petkov N, editors. Computer Analysis of Images and Patterns: 16th International Conference, CAIP 2015, Valletta, Malta, September 2-4, 2015 Proceedings, Part I. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2015. p. 39–51. (Lecture Notes in Computer Science).

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Yakuzai Ekigaku (Japanese Journal of Pharmacoepidemiology).

Blog post

Hamilton K. How Deadly Is Your Dog’s Saliva? IFLScience. IFLScience; 2016.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Developing and Using Questionnaires. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1993 Oct. Report No.: PEMD-10.1.7.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Hill B. HIV-specific CD8 T-cell clonality, publicity and function under different vaccine modalities [Doctoral dissertation]. [Washington, DC]: George Washington University; 2010.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Greenhouse L. Justices, 5 to 4, Overturn 3 Texas Death Sentences. New York Times. 2007 Apr 26;A22.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Yakuzai Ekigaku (Japanese Journal of Pharmacoepidemiology)
ISSN (print)	1342-0445
ISSN (online)	1882-790X
Scope

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