How to format your references using the World Journal of Emergency Surgery citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for World Journal of Emergency Surgery. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Ghigo JM. Natural conjugative plasmids induce bacterial biofilm development. Nature. 2001;412:442–5.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Soutoglou E, Misteli T. Activation of the cellular DNA damage response in the absence of DNA lesions. Science. 2008;320:1507–10.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Schroeder JI, Kwak JM, Allen GJ. Guard cell abscisic acid signalling and engineering drought hardiness in plants. Nature. 2001;410:327–30.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Park S, Lim BT, Kim B, Son HJ, Chung DS. High mobility polymer based on a π-extended benzodithiophene and its application for fast switching transistor and high gain photoconductor. Sci Rep. 2014;4:5482.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Segal HP. Utopias. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell; 2012.

An edited book

1. Tolan PH, Leventhal BL, editors. Disruptive Behavior Disorders. New York, NY: Springer; 2013.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Mulder MB. The Unusual Women of Mpimbwe: Why Sex Differences in Humans are not Universal. In: Kappeler PM, Silk J, editors. Mind the Gap: Tracing the Origins of Human Universals. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2010. p. 85–106.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for World Journal of Emergency Surgery.

Blog post

1. Carpineti A. The Meaning of “Peer Review” Explained So That Even Breitbart Writers Can Understand [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2016 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/editors-blog/the-meaning-of-peer-review-explained-so-that-even-breitbart-writers-can-understand/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Problems in the Federal Funding of School Bus Driver Training Programs. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1977 Apr. Report No.: CED-77-60.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Connelly J. A tradition of excellence transitions to the 21 st century: Hungarian mathematics education, 1988-2008 [Doctoral dissertation]. [New York, NY]: Columbia University; 2010.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Brantley B. The Man Who Fell, Looking Well. New York Times. 2015 Dec 8;C1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	World Journal of Emergency Surgery
Abbreviation	World J. Emerg. Surg.
ISSN (online)	1749-7922
Scope	Emergency Medicine Surgery