How to format your references using the World Development citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for World Development. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Triplett, W. (2000). NASA pins hopes on bigger, costlier mission to Mars. Nature, 406(6797), 666.

A journal article with 2 authors

Johnson, C. M., & Beard, B. L. (2005). Geochemistry. Biogeochemical cycling of iron isotopes. Science (New York, N.Y.), 309(5737), 1025–1027.

A journal article with 3 authors

Hampshire, A., MacDonald, A., & Owen, A. M. (2013). Hypoconnectivity and hyperfrontality in retired American football players. Scientific Reports, 3, 2972.

A journal article with 8 or more authors

Girardi, M., Oppenheim, D. E., Steele, C. R., Lewis, J. M., Glusac, E., Filler, R., Hobby, P., Sutton, B., Tigelaar, R. E., & Hayday, A. C. (2001). Regulation of cutaneous malignancy by gammadelta T cells. Science (New York, N.Y.), 294(5542), 605–609.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Mitola, J., III. (2002). Software Radio Architecture. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An edited book

Amara, S. G. (2007). Reviews of Physiology Biochemistry and Pharmacology (E. Bamberg, T. Gudermann, S. C. Hebert, R. Jahn, W. J. Lederer, R. Lill, A. Miyajima, & S. Offermanns, Eds.; Vol. 157). Springer.

A chapter in an edited book

Janocha, H. (2008). Piezoelectric Drives. In E. Kallenbach, H.-D. Stölting, & W. Amrhein (Eds.), Handbook of Fractional-Horsepower Drives (pp. 317–345). Springer.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for World Development.

Blog post

Carpineti, A. (2017, January 9). Hubble Might Have Seen The Shadow Of A Planet Forming. IFLScience; IFLScience.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. (2010). Aviation Security: TSA Has Made Progress but Faces Challenges in Meeting the Statutory Mandate for Screening Air Cargo on Passenger Aircraft (GAO-10-446). U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Brown, E. R. (2011). Comparison of instructional techniques of high school economics teachers in Georgia and Shenzhen, China [Doctoral dissertation]. Capella University.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Vecsey, G. (2011, July 12). The Ball at Their Feet, Their Fate in Their Hands. New York Times, B13.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Triplett, 2000).
This sentence cites two references (Johnson & Beard, 2005; Triplett, 2000).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Johnson & Beard, 2005)
Three authors: (Hampshire et al., 2013)
6 or more authors: (Girardi et al., 2001)

About the journal

Full journal title	World Development
Abbreviation	World Dev.
ISSN (print)	0305-750X
Scope	Economics and Econometrics Development Geography, Planning and Development Sociology and Political Science