How to format your references using the Western Journal of Emergency Medicine citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Western Journal of Emergency Medicine. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Brower V. Epigenetics: Unravelling the cancer code. Nature. 2011;471(7339):S12-3.

A journal article with 2 authors

Casali A and Struhl G. Reading the Hedgehog morphogen gradient by measuring the ratio of bound to unbound Patched protein. Nature. 2004;431(7004):76-80.

A journal article with 3 authors

Efferson C, Lalive R, and Fehr E. The coevolution of cultural groups and ingroup favoritism. Science. 2008;321(5897):1844-1849.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Ng WL, Lourenço MA, Gwilliam RM, et al. An efficient room-temperature silicon-based light-emitting diode. Nature. 2001;410(6825):192-194.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Seagal ZM and Surnina OM. Ultrasonic Topographical and Pathotopographical Anatomy. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley &;#38; Sons, Inc.; 2016.

An edited book

Datta A, ed. Advances in Computer Science - ASIAN 2009. Information Security and Privacy: 13th Asian Computing Science Conference, Seoul, Korea, December 14-16, 2009. Proceedings. Vol 5913. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2009.

A chapter in an edited book

Beyer T. Technical Artifacts in PET-CT Imaging. In: Shreve P, Townsend DW, eds. Clinical PET-CT in Radiology: Integrated Imaging in Oncology. New York, NY: Springer; 2011:47-59.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Western Journal of Emergency Medicine.

Blog post

Hale T. Preserved Body Of Giant Tortoise “Lonesome George” Returns To Galapagos. IFLScience.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Information Technology Management: Census Bureau Has Implemented Many Key Practices, but Additional Actions Are Needed. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2005.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Murdock M. Memoir as contemporary myth. 2010.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Crow K. Taken to the Cleaners Again. New York Times. January 14, 2001:146.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Western Journal of Emergency Medicine
ISSN (print)	1936-900X
ISSN (online)	1936-9018
Scope