How to format your references using the Visual Journal of Emergency Medicine citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Visual Journal of Emergency Medicine. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Brower V. Epigenetics: Unravelling the cancer code. Nature. 2011;471(7339):S12-3.

A journal article with 2 authors

Lukas D, Clutton-Brock TH. The evolution of social monogamy in mammals. Science. 2013;341(6145):526-530.

A journal article with 3 authors

Renata H, Zhou Q, Baran PS. Strategic redox relay enables a scalable synthesis of ouabagenin, a bioactive cardenolide. Science. 2013;339(6115):59-63.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Clutton-Brock TH, Hodge SJ, Spong G, et al. Intrasexual competition and sexual selection in cooperative mammals. Nature. 2006;444(7122):1065-1068.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Chaskalson M. The Mindful Workplace. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2011.

An edited book

Hänsler E, Schmidt G, eds. Speech and Audio Processing in Adverse Environments. Springer; 2008.

A chapter in an edited book

Fagan B, Brandenburg R, Crothers L. An Aboriginal Pathway to Learning: My Story. In: Wilson JZ, ed. Pedagogies for the Future: Leading Quality Learning and Teaching in Higher Education. SensePublishers; 2013:39-47.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Visual Journal of Emergency Medicine.

Blog post

Fang J. China’s Rising Emissions Offset U.S. Reductions in Ozone Pollution. IFLScience. August 6, 2015. Accessed October 30, 2018. https://www.iflscience.com/environment/china-s-rising-emissions-offsets-us-gains-ozone-pollution/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites: Acquisition Has Increased Costs, Reduced Capabilities, and Delayed Schedules. U.S. Government Printing Office; 2009.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Harris R. Stone Circles and Sandplay Therapy: The Language of Symbols. Doctoral dissertation. Pacifica Graduate Institute; 2011.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Greenhouse L. Justices to See Philip Morris Case a Third Time. New York Times. June 10, 2008:C2.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Visual Journal of Emergency Medicine
Abbreviation	Vis. J. Emerg. Med.
ISSN (print)	2405-4690
Scope	Emergency Medicine