How to format your references using the Virulence citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Virulence. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Hartmann WK. The paradigm and the pendulum. Nature 2000; 404:817.

A journal article with 2 authors

Ackland GJ, Butler D. Pack formation in cycling and orienteering. Nature 2001; 413:127.

A journal article with 3 authors

Culley AI, Lang AS, Suttle CA. Metagenomic analysis of coastal RNA virus communities. Science 2006; 312:1795–8.

A journal article with 11 or more authors

Kao H, Shan S-J, Dragert H, Rogers G, Cassidy JF, Ramachandran K. A wide depth distribution of seismic tremors along the northern Cascadia margin. Nature 2005; 436:841–4.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Paterson JC. Lean Auditing. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2015.

An edited book

Salomone R, Clasadonte MT, Proto M, Raggi A, editors. Product-Oriented Environmental Management Systems (POEMS): Improving Sustainability and Competitiveness in the Agri-Food Chain with Innovative Environmental Management Tools. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2013.

A chapter in an edited book

Schreurs MA. The German Energiewende in a European Context. In: Hager C, Stefes CH, editors. Germany’s Energy Transition: A Comparative Perspective. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan US; 2016. page 91–110.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Virulence.

Blog post

Luntz S. Supernova Traces Are Showering Earth, Suggesting Multiple Explosions Nearby [Internet]. IFLScience2016 [cited 2018 Oct 30]; Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/space/supernova-traces-are-showering-earth-suggesting-multiple-explosions-nearby/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 21st Century Challenges: Reexamining the Base of the Federal Government. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2005.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Munz JA. Assessing the Value of Educational Competencies of Healthcare Leaders and Organizational Factors: A Case Study Analysis. 2017;

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Shpigel B. Start of Chiefs-Steelers Game Moved to Sunday Night. New York Times2017; :D4.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Virulence
Abbreviation	Virulence
ISSN (print)	2150-5594
ISSN (online)	2150-5608
Scope	Immunology Microbiology Parasitology Infectious Diseases Microbiology (medical)

Research and Writing Guides