How to format your references using the Virulence citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Virulence. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Shaw JE. Alejandro Zaffaroni (1923-2014). Nature 2014; 508:187.

A journal article with 2 authors

Henikoff S, Malik HS. Centromeres: selfish drivers. Nature 2002; 417:227.

A journal article with 3 authors

Chaudhari NK, Song MY, Yu J-S. Heteroatom-doped highly porous carbon from human urine. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5221.

A journal article with 11 or more authors

Chuang HH, Prescott ED, Kong H, Shields S, Jordt SE, Basbaum AI, Chao MV, Julius D. Bradykinin and nerve growth factor release the capsaicin receptor from PtdIns(4,5)P2-mediated inhibition. Nature 2001; 411:957–62.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Weinberg MA, Segelnick SL, Insler JS, Kramer S. The Dentist’s Quick Guide to Medical Conditions. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc; 2015.

An edited book

Schramm J, editor. Advances and Technical Standards in Neurosurgery: Volume 41. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2014.

A chapter in an edited book

Dupret G, Piwowarski B. Principal Components for Automatic Term Hierarchy Building. In: Crestani F, Ferragina P, Sanderson M, editors. String Processing and Information Retrieval: 13th International Conference, SPIRE 2006, Glasgow, UK, October 11-13, 2006. Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2006. page 37–48.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Virulence.

Blog post

Carpineti A. Game-Changing Photocell Turns Carbon Dioxide Into Fuel [Internet]. IFLScience2016 [cited 2018 Oct 30]; Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/technology/gamechanging-photocell-turns-carbon-dioxide-into-fuel/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. ADP Systems: VA Actions to Improve Management of Information Resources. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1989.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Lee E. Assessing the Well-Being Koreans and Korean Americans: Psychometric Validation Study for a Multidimensional Assessment of Well-Being. 2017;

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Eligon J. On Big Stage, Ward Makes Big Statement. New York Times2016; :SP9.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Virulence
Abbreviation	Virulence
ISSN (print)	2150-5594
ISSN (online)	2150-5608
Scope	Immunology Microbiology Parasitology Infectious Diseases Microbiology (medical)