How to format your references using the Virulence citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Virulence. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Claeys M. Comment on “Unexpected epoxide formation in the gas-phase photooxidation of isoprene.” Science 2010; 327:644; author reply 644.

A journal article with 2 authors

Kalnay E, Cai M. Impact of urbanization and land-use change on climate. Nature 2003; 423:528–31.

A journal article with 3 authors

Suthram S, Sittler T, Ideker T. The Plasmodium protein network diverges from those of other eukaryotes. Nature 2005; 438:108–12.

A journal article with 11 or more authors

Huang PY, Ruiz-Vargas CS, van der Zande AM, Whitney WS, Levendorf MP, Kevek JW, Garg S, Alden JS, Hustedt CJ, Zhu Y, et al. Grains and grain boundaries in single-layer graphene atomic patchwork quilts. Nature 2011; 469:389–92.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Burwick F. Romanticism. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2015.

An edited book

Marcellán F, Assche WV, editors. Orthogonal Polynomials and Special Functions: Computation and Applications. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2006.

A chapter in an edited book

Cherkaoui M, Capolungo L. Grain Boundary Modeling. In: Capolungo L, editor. Atomistic and Continuum Modeling of Nanocrystalline Materials: Deformation Mechanisms and Scale Transition. Boston, MA: Springer US; 2009. page 117–42.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Virulence.

Blog post

Andrew D. How Smartphone Light Affects Your Brain And Body [Internet]. IFLScience2016 [cited 2018 Oct 30]; Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/how-smartphone-light-affects-your-brain-and-body/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Highway Bridges: Major Projects Present Challenges for States, but Strategies Exist to Overcome Them. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2017.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Jurica ML. Napping in the workplace as an invisible stigma: The moderating roles of raters’ nap habit, work ethic, and organizational policy. 2012;

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Brantley B. An Intergalactic Odyssey via Puppets, Puns and Knock-Knock Jokes. New York Times2016; :C2.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Virulence
Abbreviation	Virulence
ISSN (print)	2150-5594
ISSN (online)	2150-5608
Scope	Immunology Microbiology Parasitology Infectious Diseases Microbiology (medical)