How to format your references using the Virtual Reality citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Virtual Reality. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Bohman T (2009) Mathematics. Emergence of connectivity in networks. Science 323:1438–1439

A journal article with 2 authors

Donia MS, Fischbach MA (2015) HUMAN MICROBIOTA. Small molecules from the human microbiota. Science 349:1254766

A journal article with 3 authors

Ellis AS, Johnson TM, Bullen TD (2002) Chromium isotopes and the fate of hexavalent chromium in the environment. Science 295:2060–2062

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Mejía-León ME, Petrosino JF, Ajami NJ, et al (2014) Fecal microbiota imbalance in Mexican children with type 1 diabetes. Sci Rep 4:3814

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Darbyshire P, Hampton D (2012) Hedge Fund Modelling and Analysis Using Excel and VBA. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Chichester, West Sussex, UK

An edited book

Moritz KM (2008) Factors Influencing Mammalian Kidney Development: Implications for Health in Adult Life. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

A chapter in an edited book

Pánek T, Kapustová V (2016) Long-Term Geomorphological History of the Czech Republic. In: Pánek T, Hradecký J (eds) Landscapes and Landforms of the Czech Republic. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 29–39

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Virtual Reality.

Blog post

Taub B (2016) How Card Players’ Eyes Give Their Hand Away. In: IFLScience. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (2013) Positive Train Control: Additional Authorities Could Benefit Implementation. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Meaux B (2015) Effect of Formation Deformation on Casing Standoff in Highly Deviated and Horizontal Wells. Doctoral dissertation, University of Louisiana

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Billard M (2013) His Mission: Beat Swords Into Baubles. New York Times E6

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Bohman 2009).
This sentence cites two references (Bohman 2009; Donia and Fischbach 2015).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Donia and Fischbach 2015)
Three or more authors: (Mejía-León et al. 2014)

About the journal

Full journal title	Virtual Reality
Abbreviation	Virtual Real.
ISSN (print)	1359-4338
ISSN (online)	1434-9957
Scope	Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design Human-Computer Interaction Software