How to format your references using the Vaccine citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Vaccine. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

Schiermeier Q. Europe told to unite on spy satellites. Nature 2003;422:361.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

Clausen J, Junge W. Detection of an intermediate of photosynthetic water oxidation. Nature 2004;430:480–3.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

Gawronski H, Mehlhorn M, Morgenstern K. Imaging phonon excitation with atomic resolution. Science 2008;319:930–3.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

[1]

Kustikova O, Fehse B, Modlich U, Yang M, Düllmann J, Kamino K, et al. Clonal dominance of hematopoietic stem cells triggered by retroviral gene marking. Science 2005;308:1171–4.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

McLaughlin TA. Nonprofit Mergers and Alliances. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2010.

An edited book

[1]

LePage BA, editor. Wetlands: Integrating Multidisciplinary Concepts. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2011.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

Epstein SL, Petrovic S. Learning a Mixture of Search Heuristics. In: Hamadi Y, Monfroy E, Saubion F, editors. Autonomous Search, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2012, p. 97–127.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Vaccine.

Blog post

[1]

Hale T. 2016 Had The Biggest Rise In US Drug Overdose Deaths Ever. IFLScience 2017. https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/2016-had-the-biggest-rise-in-us-drug-overdose-deaths-ever/ (accessed October 30, 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office. Heroin Hotline. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1972.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

Deshpande AS. Efficient idempotent methods for optimal control. Doctoral dissertation. University of California San Diego, 2009.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

Pilon M. Wanted: Snow. Cold. New York Times 2013:B12.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Vaccine
Abbreviation	Vaccine
ISSN (print)	0264-410X
Scope	Molecular Medicine General Immunology and Microbiology Infectious Diseases Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health General Veterinary

Research and Writing Guides