How to format your references using the Economic Systems citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Economic Systems. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Maienschein, J., 2000. Old wine in new bottles. Nature 407, 21.

A journal article with 2 authors

Hellweg, S., Milà i Canals, L., 2014. Emerging approaches, challenges and opportunities in life cycle assessment. Science 344, 1109–1113.

A journal article with 3 authors

Li, Y., Zhang, X., Cao, D., 2013. The role of shape complementarity in the protein-protein interactions. Sci. Rep. 3, 3271.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Kalir, S., McClure, J., Pabbaraju, K., Southward, C., Ronen, M., Leibler, S., Surette, M.G., Alon, U., 2001. Ordering genes in a flagella pathway by analysis of expression kinetics from living bacteria. Science 292, 2080–2083.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Bourlès, H., 2013. Linear Systems. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ.

An edited book

Chakrabarti, G., 2013. Momentum Trading on the Indian Stock Market, SpringerBriefs in Economics. Springer India, New Delhi.

A chapter in an edited book

Lipinski, P., Puchala, D., Wosiak, A., Byczkowska-Lipinska, L., 2008. Transformer Monitoring System Taking Advantage of Hybrid Wavelet Fourier Transform, in: Wiak, S., Krawczyk, A., Dolezel, I. (Eds.), Intelligent Computer Techniques in Applied Electromagnetics, Studies in Computational Intelligence. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 31–36.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Economic Systems.

Blog post

Fang, J., 2015. Study With 95,000 Children Finds No Link Between Autism and Measles Vaccine, Even In High Risk Children [WWW Document]. IFLScience. URL (accessed 10.30.18).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office, 1990. Burden Sharing: Allied Protection of Ships in the Persian Gulf in 1987 and 1988 (No. NSIAD-90-282BR). U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Diniega, S., 2010. Modeling aeolian dune and dune field evolution (Doctoral dissertation). University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Antilla, S., 2015. Gender Bias Case Against Sterling Jewelers Can Proceed. New York Times B8.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Maienschein, 2000).
This sentence cites two references (Hellweg and Milà i Canals, 2014; Maienschein, 2000).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Hellweg and Milà i Canals, 2014)
Three or more authors: (Kalir et al., 2001)

About the journal

Full journal title	Economic Systems
ISSN (print)	0939-3625
Scope	Economics and Econometrics