How to format your references using the Tribology Letters citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Tribology Letters. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Bell, G.: Neutral macroecology. Science. 293, 2413–2418 (2001)

A journal article with 2 authors

Alsdorf, D.E., Lettenmaier, D.P.: Geophysics. Tracking fresh water from space. Science. 301, 1491–1494 (2003)

A journal article with 3 authors

Lam, F.H., Steger, D.J., O’Shea, E.K.: Chromatin decouples promoter threshold from dynamic range. Nature. 453, 246–250 (2008)

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Joo, J.Y., Choi, H.W., Kim, M.J., Zaehres, H., Tapia, N., Stehling, M., Jung, K.S., Do, J.T., Schöler, H.R.: Establishment of a primed pluripotent epiblast stem cell in FGF4-based conditions. Sci. Rep. 4, 7477 (2014)

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Abu-Jamous, B., Fa, R., Nandi, A.K.: Integrative Cluster Analysis in Bioinformatics. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK (2015)

An edited book

Joost, H.-G. ed: Appetite Control. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (2012)

A chapter in an edited book

Dörfler, W., Lechleiter, A., Plum, M., Schneider, G., Wieners, C.: An introduction to direct and inverse scattering theory. In: Lechleiter, A., Plum, M., Schneider, G., and Wieners, C. (eds.) Photonic Crystals: Mathematical Analysis and Numerical Approximation. pp. 79–126. Springer, Basel (2011)

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Tribology Letters.

Blog post

Andrew, E.: Leonard Nimoy Has Passed Away At Age 83

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office: Multiyear Authorizations for Research and Development. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC (1981)

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Wolodkowicz, R.: Leadership qualities and employee-student future intentions, (2008)

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Greenhouse, L.: Crack Cocaine Limbo, (2014)

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Tribology Letters
Abbreviation	Tribol. Lett.
ISSN (print)	1023-8883
ISSN (online)	1573-2711
Scope	Mechanical Engineering Mechanics of Materials Surfaces, Coatings and Films Surfaces and Interfaces

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