How to format your references using the Tribology Letters citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Tribology Letters. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Hipps, K.W.: Molecular electronics. It’s all about contacts. Science. 294, 536–537 (2001)

A journal article with 2 authors

Koch, C., Hepp, K.: Quantum mechanics in the brain. Nature. 440, 611 (2006)

A journal article with 3 authors

Wang, J., Ewing, R.C., Becker, U.: Average structure and local configuration of excess oxygen in UO(2+x). Sci. Rep. 4, 4216 (2014)

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Sachs, K., Perez, O., Pe’er, D., Lauffenburger, D.A., Nolan, G.P.: Causal protein-signaling networks derived from multiparameter single-cell data. Science. 308, 523–529 (2005)

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Sugirtharajah, R.S.: Exploring Postcolonial Biblical Criticism. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, UK (2011)

An edited book

Krawczyk, H. ed: Public-Key Cryptography – PKC 2014: 17th International Conference on Practice and Theory in Public-Key Cryptography, Buenos Aires, Argentina, March 26-28, 2014. Proceedings. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (2014)

A chapter in an edited book

Lo, W.Y.W.: Rethinking the Notion of Hong Kong as a Regional Education Hub: Toward a Cosmopolitan Approach to Internationalization of Higher Education. In: Cheng, Y.C., Cheung, A.C.K., and Ng, S.W. (eds.) Internationalization of Higher Education: The Case of Hong Kong. pp. 63–77. Springer, Singapore (2016)

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Tribology Letters.

Blog post

Andrew, E.: Lions are on the brink of extinction in West Africa

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office: Federal Research: Changes in Electricity-Related R&D Funding. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC (1996)

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Roberson, K.L.: Patient and Family Engagement Initiative: A Quantitative Causal-Comparative Analysis, (2017)

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Poniewozik, J.: Back Home, Crashing on a Couch and Dreaming of Rap Greatness, (2016)

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Tribology Letters
Abbreviation	Tribol. Lett.
ISSN (print)	1023-8883
ISSN (online)	1573-2711
Scope	Mechanical Engineering Mechanics of Materials Surfaces, Coatings and Films Surfaces and Interfaces