How to format your references using the Tribology International citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Tribology International. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

Engheta N. OPTICS. 150 years of Maxwell’s equations. Science 2015;349:136–7.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

Knouse KA, Amon A. Cell biology: the micronucleus gets its big break. Nature 2015;522:162–3.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

Killgore WDS, Olson EA, Weber M. Physical exercise habits correlate with gray matter volume of the hippocampus in healthy adult humans. Sci Rep 2013;3:3457.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

[1]

Stern D, Eisenhardt P, Spinrad H, Dawson S, van Breugel W, Dey A, et al. Evidence against a redshift z > 6 for the galaxy STIS123627+621755. Nature 2000;408:560–2.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

Blair R, Regenstein JM. Genetic Modification and Food Quality. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2015.

An edited book

[1]

Smart JC, Paulsen MB, editors. Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research: Volume 26. vol. 26. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2011.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

Benedini S. Nutrients and Whole-Body Energy Metabolism: The Impact of Physical Exercise. In: Luzi L, editor. Cellular Physiology and Metabolism of Physical Exercise, Milano: Springer; 2012, p. 33–42.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Tribology International.

Blog post

[1]

Hamilton K. Here’s Why It Feels Like You Have No Free Time, In One Chart. IFLScience 2017.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office. The President’s Second Special Message for FY 1983. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1983.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

Croghan A. The Effects of Depressive Symptomatology, Intrusive Thinking, and Age on Cognitive Functioning. Doctoral dissertation. Southern Illinois University, 2014.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

Walsh MW. Tighter Rules Are Issued On Municipal Bond Deals. New York Times 2012:B1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Tribology International
Abbreviation	Tribol. Int.
ISSN (print)	0301-679X
Scope	Mechanical Engineering Mechanics of Materials Surfaces, Coatings and Films Surfaces and Interfaces

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