How to format your references using the Transactions of the American Philological Association citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Transactions of the American Philological Association (TAPA). For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Dalton, R. 2005. “California Stem-Cell Institute Fights Legal Challenges.” Nature 435 (7042) (June 2): 544.

A journal article with 2 authors

Abouheif, E., and Wray, G.A. 2002. “Evolution of the Gene Network Underlying Wing Polyphenism in Ants.” Science 297 (5579) (July 12): 249–52.

A journal article with 3 authors

Barnes, S.E., Ieda, J., and Maekawa, S. 2014. “Rashba Spin-Orbit Anisotropy and the Electric Field Control of Magnetism.” Sci. Rep. 4 (February 17): 4105.

A journal article with 11 or more authors

Treusch, S., Hamamichi, S., Goodman, J.L., Matlack, K.E.S., Chung, C.Y., Baru, V., Shulman, J.M., et al. 2011. “Functional Links between Aβ Toxicity, Endocytic Trafficking, and Alzheimer’s Disease Risk Factors in Yeast.” Science 334 (6060) (December 2): 1241–45.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Pepper, G., and Oliver, M.J. 2006. The Liquidity Theory of Asset Prices. Oxford, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

An edited book

Schwarzer, G. 2015. Meta-Analysis with R. Edited by James R. Carpenter and Gerta Rücker. Use R! Cham: Springer International Publishing.

A chapter in an edited book

Cioranescu, D., Girault, V., and Rajagopal, K.R. 2016. “Classical Non-Newtonian Fluids.” In Girault, V. and Rajagopal, K.R. eds. Mechanics and Mathematics of Fluids of the Differential Type. Advances in Mechanics and Mathematics. Cham: Springer International Publishing. 115–78.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Transactions of the American Philological Association.

Blog post

Hale, T. 2015. “Someone Built A Real-Life Thor’s Hammer That Can Only Be Lifted By Its Creator.” IFLScience. IFLScience. October 15. https://www.iflscience.com/technology/youtuber-builds-real-thors-hammer-electromagnets/.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 1997. “NASA: Interest Earned on Letter of Credit Funds.” NSIAD-97-241R. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Davidson, A.O. 2009. “Observing Action Research Processes in Practice.” Doctoral dissertation, Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Kwai, I. 2017. “Citizenship Costs Senator In Australia Her Position.” New York Times, July 18.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text

About the journal

Full journal title	Transactions of the American Philological Association
ISSN (print)	0360-5949
ISSN (online)	1533-0699
Scope	Language and Linguistics Classics Literature and Literary Theory Linguistics and Language