How to format your references using the The Lichenologist citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for The Lichenologist. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Marrucci, G. (2003) Materials science. Polymers go with the flow. Science (New York, N.Y.) 301: 1681–1682.

A journal article with 2 authors

Caldeira, K. & Wickett, M. E. (2003) Oceanography: anthropogenic carbon and ocean pH. Nature 425: 365.

A journal article with 3 authors

Hayashi, K., Yoshida, K. & Matsui, Y. (2005) A histone H3 methyltransferase controls epigenetic events required for meiotic prophase. Nature 438: 374–378.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Grossman, S. R., Shlyakhter, I., Karlsson, E. K., Byrne, E. H., Morales, S., Frieden, G., Hostetter, E., Angelino, E., Garber, M., Zuk, O., Lander, E. S., Schaffner, S. F. & Sabeti, P. C. (2010) A composite of multiple signals distinguishes causal variants in regions of positive selection. Science (New York, N.Y.) 327: 883–886.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Sanchez, A. & Carro, B. (2017) Digital Services in the 21st Century. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An edited book

Tomppo, E. (2011) Designing and Conducting a Forest Inventory - case: 9th National Forest Inventory of Finland (J Heikkinen, HM Henttonen, A Ihalainen, M Katila, H Mäkelä, T Tuomainen, and N Vainikainen, Eds.). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.

A chapter in an edited book

Brunner, D. & Voigt, T. (2008) Innovation Processes in Cooperative Organizations: Results of a Case Study Research. Strategy and Governance of Networks: Cooperatives, Franchising, and Strategic Alliances Contributions to Management Science. (G. Hendrikse, (M. Tuunanen, (J. Windsperger & (G. Cliquet, eds): pp. 47–62. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for The Lichenologist.

Blog post

Andrew, E. (2015) The Search of Life Beneath the Ice: Why we’re Going Back to Europa. IFLScience.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (2013) Information Technology: Leveraging Best Practices to Help Ensure Successful Major Acquisitions. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Lavin, E. E. (2015) Discourse in monolingual and bilingual non-trial hearings.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Barron, J. (2016) Advice, and a Shop, for the Sleep-Deprived. New York Times: A21.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Marrucci 2003).
This sentence cites two references (Marrucci 2003; Caldeira & Wickett 2003).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Caldeira & Wickett 2003)
Three or more authors: (Grossman et al. 2010)

About the journal

Full journal title	The Lichenologist
Abbreviation	Lichenologist
ISSN (print)	0024-2829
ISSN (online)	1096-1135
Scope	Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics