How to format your references using the The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Ferster D. Neuroscience. Blocking plasticity in the visual cortex. Science. 2004;303(5664):1619-1621.

A journal article with 2 authors

Arthur R, Diamond J. Geography. Understanding tribal fates. Science. 2011;334(6058):911-912.

A journal article with 3 authors

Cook-Deegan R, Chandrasekharan S, Angrist M. The dangers of diagnostic monopolies. Nature. 2009;458(7237):405-406.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Matthews HD, Gillett NP, Stott PA, Zickfeld K. The proportionality of global warming to cumulative carbon emissions. Nature. 2009;459(7248):829-832.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Galwey NW. Introduction to Mixed Modelling. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2014.

An edited book

German Council, of Economic Experts. Dual Income Tax: A Proposal for Reforming Corporate and Personal Income Tax in Germany. Vol 39. (Max-Planck-Institute, for Intellectual Property, Competition and Tax Law, Centre for European Economic Research, (ZEW), eds.). Physica-Verlag HD; 2008.

A chapter in an edited book

Chue KL. Examining the Influence of the Big Five Personality Traits on the Relationship Between Autonomy, Motivation and Academic Achievement in the Twenty-First-Century Learner. In: Koh C, ed. Motivation, Leadership and Curriculum Design: Engaging the Net Generation and 21st Century Learners. Springer; 2015:37-52.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery.

Blog post

O`Callaghan J. NASA’s Curiosity Rover Spots Metallic Object On Mars. IFLScience.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Public Assistance: PARIS Project Can Help States Reduce Improper Benefit Payments. U.S. Government Printing Office; 2001.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Carley R. Evaluation of the Impact of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Hurricanes on Wildfires in Southeast Louisiana. Doctoral dissertation. Mississippi State University; 2013.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

de la MERCED MJ. Dole Seeking To Go Public With Shares Once More. New York Times. April 26, 2017:B5.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery
Abbreviation	J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.
ISSN (print)	0022-5223
Scope	Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine Surgery