How to format your references using the The Cryosphere Discussions citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for The Cryosphere Discussions. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Willyard, C.: Diagnosis: To catch a killer, Nature, 489, S8-9, 2012.

A journal article with 2 authors

Lee, S.-Y. and MacKinnon, R.: A membrane-access mechanism of ion channel inhibition by voltage sensor toxins from spider venom, Nature, 430, 232–235, 2004.

A journal article with 3 authors

Shen, P.-C., Lin, M.-S., and Lin, C.-F.: Environmentally benign technology for efficient warm-white light emission, Sci. Rep., 4, 5307, 2014.

A journal article with 100 or more authors

Montañez, I. P., Tabor, N. J., Niemeier, D., Dimichele, W. A., Frank, T. D., Fielding, C. R., Isbell, J. L., Birgenheier, L. P., and Rygel, M. C.: CO2-forced climate and vegetation instability during Late Paleozoic deglaciation, Science, 315, 87–91, 2007.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Owen, J. S. and Fiedler-Kelly, J.: Introduction to Population Pharmacokinetic / Pharmacodynamic Analysis with Nonlinear Mixed Effects Models, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, Hoboken, New Jersey, 2014.

An edited book

Marin, J.-M.: Bayesian Essentials with R, 2nd ed. 2014., edited by: Robert, C. P., Springer, New York, NY, XIV, 296 p. 75 illus., 38 illus. in color pp., 2014.

A chapter in an edited book

P.-Vaisband, I., Jakushokas, R., Popovich, M., Mezhiba, A. V., Köse, S., and Friedman, E. G.: Scaling Trends of On-Chip Power Noise, in: On-Chip Power Delivery and Management, edited by: Jakushokas, R., Popovich, M., Mezhiba, A. V., Köse, S., and Friedman, E. G., Springer International Publishing, Cham, 75–91, 2016.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for The Cryosphere Discussions.

Blog post

Spiders Disguise Themselves as Ants to Hide and Hunt Their Prey:

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office: FAA Budget: 1991 Funding Request for Computers and Communications Can Be Reduced, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1990.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Luvani, K. D.: AIRtouch: An Intelligent Virtual Keyboard, Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Koniak, S. P., Cohen, G. M., Dana, D. A., and Ross, T.: How Washington Abetted the Bank Job, New York Times, 4th April, WK10, 2010.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Willyard, 2012).
This sentence cites two references (Lee and MacKinnon, 2004; Willyard, 2012).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Lee and MacKinnon, 2004)
Three or more authors: (Montañez et al., 2007)

About the journal

Full journal title	The Cryosphere Discussions
ISSN (online)	1994-0440
Scope	Earth-Surface Processes Water Science and Technology