How to format your references using the The American Journal of Pathology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for The American Journal of Pathology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Paul D: A double-edged sword. Nature 2000, 405:515.

A journal article with 2 authors

Hinde K, Lewis ZT: MICROBIOTA. Mother’s littlest helpers. Science 2015, 348:1427–1428.

A journal article with 3 authors

Šubelj L, Fiala D, Bajec M: Network-based statistical comparison of citation topology of bibliographic databases. Sci Rep 2014, 4:6496.

A journal article with 99 or more authors

Adolphs R, Gosselin F, Buchanan TW, Tranel D, Schyns P, Damasio AR: A mechanism for impaired fear recognition after amygdala damage. Nature 2005, 433:68–72.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

McBee J: Mastering Microsoft® Exchange Server 2007 SP1. Indianapolis, IN, USA, Wiley Publishing, Inc., 2009, .

An edited book

Zohary T, Sukenik A, Berman T, Nishri A, editors: Lake Kinneret: Ecology and Management. Dordrecht, Springer Netherlands, 2014, .

A chapter in an edited book

Naimpally A, Rosselot KS: Hazardous Waste. In: Rosselot KS, editor. Environmental Engineering: Review for the Professional Engineering Examination, Boston, MA, Springer US, 2013, pp. 117–127.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for The American Journal of Pathology.

Blog post

Luntz S: Bizarre Bulge Spotted On Ganymede [Internet]. IFLScience., IFLScience, 2015 [cited 2018 Oct 30], . Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/space/ganymede-has-love-handles/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office: Special Education: Improved Timeliness and Better Use of Enforcement Actions Could Strengthen Education’s Monitoring System. Washington, DC, U.S. Government Printing Office, 2004 Sep. Report No.: GAO-04-879.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Bowles A: The development of a standard of care for competency to stand trial evaluations [Doctoral dissertation]. [Malibu, CA], Pepperdine University, 2012, .

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Kishkovsky S: Minarets and Onion Domes. New York Times 2008, :TR4.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	The American Journal of Pathology
Abbreviation	Am. J. Pathol.
ISSN (print)	0002-9440
ISSN (online)	1525-2191
Scope	Pathology and Forensic Medicine

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