How to format your references using the The American Journal of Pathology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for The American Journal of Pathology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

O’shea TJ: PCBs Not to Blame. Science 2000, 288:1965d–1966d.

A journal article with 2 authors

Corma A, Serna P: Chemoselective hydrogenation of nitro compounds with supported gold catalysts. Science 2006, 313:332–334.

A journal article with 3 authors

Fiske ST, Harris LT, Cuddy AJC: Social psychology. Why ordinary people torture enemy prisoners. Science 2004, 306:1482–1483.

A journal article with 99 or more authors

Lee SJ, Woo S-I, Ahn SH, Lim DK, Hong JY, Park JH, Lim J, Kim M-K, Kwon SW: Functional interpretation of metabolomics data as a new method for predicting long-term side effects: treatment of atopic dermatitis in infants. Sci Rep 2014, 4:7408.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

de Klerk A: Fischer-Tropsch Refining. Weinheim, Germany, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2011, .

An edited book

Palo M: Private or Socialistic Forestry?: Forest Transition in Finland vs. Deforestation in the Tropics. Lehto E, editor. Dordrecht, Springer Netherlands, 2012, .

A chapter in an edited book

Chu L-Y, Xie R, Ju X-J, Wang W: Functional Membranes with Thermo-responsive Hydrogel Gates. In: Xie R, Ju X-J, Wang W, editors. Smart Hydrogel Functional Materials, Berlin, Heidelberg, Springer, 2013, pp. 111–133.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for The American Journal of Pathology.

Blog post

Davis J: Entire Population Of Single Species Counted For The First Time From Space [Internet]. IFLScience., IFLScience, 2017 [cited 2018 Oct 30], . Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/entire-population-of-single-species-counted-for-the-first-time-from-space/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office: Commerce ADP Procurement: Contracting and Market Share Information. Washington, DC, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1990 Jul. Report No.: IMTEC-90-77FS.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Rabalais ME: STEAM: A National Study of the Integration of the Arts Into STEM Instruction and its Impact on Student Achievement [Doctoral dissertation]. [ Lafayette, LA], University of Louisiana, 2014, .

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Schwartz J: Climate Scientists Unite With Lawyers to Counter Attacks on Their Efforts. New York Times 2017, :A16.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	The American Journal of Pathology
Abbreviation	Am. J. Pathol.
ISSN (print)	0002-9440
ISSN (online)	1525-2191
Scope	Pathology and Forensic Medicine