How to format your references using the Synthesis citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Synthesis. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

(1)

Jasanoff, S. Nature 2007, 450, 33.

A journal article with 2 authors

(1)

Chien, K.; Chien, L. Nature 2004, 428, 208.

A journal article with 3 authors

(1)

Schnupp, J. W.; Mrsic-Flogel, T. D.; King, A. J. Nature 2001, 414, 200.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

(1)

Konhauser, K. O.; Pecoits, E.; Lalonde, S. V.; Papineau, D.; Nisbet, E. G.; Barley, M. E.; Arndt, N. T.; Zahnle, K.; Kamber, B. S. Nature 2009, 458, 750.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

(1)

Lamperti, J. W. Probability: A Survey of the Mathematical Theory; Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: Hoboken, NJ, 1996.

An edited book

(1)

Envisioning Criminology: Researchers on Research as a Process of Discovery; Maltz, M. D.; Rice, S. K., Eds.; Springer International Publishing: Cham, 2015.

A chapter in an edited book

(1)

Schienke, E. W. In Engineering, Development and Philosophy: American, Chinese and European Perspectives; Christensen, S. H.; Mitcham, C.; Li, B.; An, Y., Eds.; Philosophy of Engineering and Technology; Springer Netherlands: Dordrecht, 2012; 69.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Synthesis.

Blog post

(1)

Evans, K. Forget What You Heard: Jupiter Does Not Orbit The Sun https://www.iflscience.com/space/forget-wha-you-heard-jupiter-does-not-orbit-the-sun/ (accessed Oct 30, 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

(1)

Government Accountability Office NASA: Assessments of Major Projects; U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, 2016.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

(1)

Del Cid, E. J. Services for immigrant families with children in the child welfare system: A grant proposal project. Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach: Long Beach, CA, 2009.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

(1)

Palmer, E.; Otis, J. New York Times 2017, A19.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Synthesis
ISSN (print)	0039-7881
ISSN (online)	1437-210X
Scope