How to format your references using the Surgery citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Surgery. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Clutton-Brock T. Sexual selection in males and females. Science. 2007;318(5858):1882-1885.

A journal article with 2 authors

Shen J, Dahmann C. Extrusion of cells with inappropriate Dpp signaling from Drosophila wing disc epithelia. Science. 2005;307(5716):1789-1790.

A journal article with 3 authors

Li C, de Grijs R, Deng L. The exclusion of a significant range of ages in a massive star cluster. Nature. 2014;516(7531):367-369.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Choi YR, Zheng M, Bai F, et al. Laser-induced greenish-blue photoluminescence of mesoporous silicon nanowires. Sci Rep. 2014;4:4940.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

McLaughlin TA. Nonprofit Mergers and Alliances. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2010.

An edited book

Sellitto A. Mesoscopic Theories of Heat Transport in Nanosystems. Vol 6. 1st ed. 2016. (Cimmelli VA, Jou D, eds.). Springer International Publishing; 2016.

A chapter in an edited book

Guggeis M. Multilingualism in the European Union Decision-Making Process. In: Ruggieri F, ed. Criminal Proceedings, Languages and the European Union: Linguistic and Legal Issues. Springer; 2014:45-56.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Surgery.

Blog post

Andrew E. Scientists Dissociate Benefits Of Medical Marijuana From Its Negative Side Effects. IFLScience. July 11, 2015. Accessed October 30, 2018. https://www.iflscience.com/brain/scientists-dissociate-benefits-medical-marijuana-its-negative-side-effects/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Aviation Research: Perspectives on FAA’s Efforts to Develop New Technology. U.S. Government Printing Office; 1995.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Maitland J. Differences in Perceived Organizational Justice Based Upon Overall Performance Appraisal Ratings. Doctoral dissertation. Capella University; 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Rothenberg B. ‘A Completely Different’ Kerber Displays Calm, and Then Dominance. New York Times. September 7, 2016:B11.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Surgery
Abbreviation	Surgery
ISSN (print)	0039-6060
Scope	Surgery