How to format your references using the Surgery citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Surgery. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Chou CP. Network robustness: detecting topological quantum phases. Sci Rep. 2014;4:7526.

A journal article with 2 authors

Imambekov A, Glazman LI. Universal theory of nonlinear Luttinger liquids. Science. 2009;323(5911):228-231.

A journal article with 3 authors

Hornbach MJ, Saffer DM, Holbrook WS. Critically pressured free-gas reservoirs below gas-hydrate provinces. Nature. 2004;427(6970):142-144.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Merkel S, Kubo A, Miyagi L, et al. Plastic deformation of MgGeO3 post-perovskite at lower mantle pressures. Science. 2006;311(5761):644-646.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Lundberg U, Cooper CL. The Science of Occupational Health. Wiley-Blackwell; 2010.

An edited book

Lum C, Kennedy LW, eds. Evidence-Based Counterterrorism Policy. Vol 3. Springer; 2012.

A chapter in an edited book

Mocci F, Laaksonen A, Wang YL, Saba G, Lai A, Cesare Marincola F. CompChem and NMR Probing Ionic Liquids. In: Caminiti R, Gontrani L, eds. The Structure of Ionic Liquids. Soft and Biological Matter. Springer International Publishing; 2014:97-126.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Surgery.

Blog post

Andrew E. 10 Deadliest Diseases in Human History. IFLScience.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Passengers with Disabilities: Air Carriers’ Disability-Training Programs and the Department of Transportation’s Oversight. U.S. Government Printing Office; 2017.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Freund SH. The Relationship of Academic Courses to Skills Required Of Automobile Repair Technicians. Doctoral dissertation. Lindenwood University; 2013.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Shear MD, Alcindor Y. Democrats on Tightrope In Immigration Debate. New York Times. October 1, 2017:A13.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Surgery
Abbreviation	Surgery
ISSN (print)	0039-6060
Scope	Surgery