How to format your references using the Surgery citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Surgery. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Smith A. Life beyond the walls. Nature. 2002;415(6872):7.

A journal article with 2 authors

Eliades SJ, Wang X. Neural substrates of vocalization feedback monitoring in primate auditory cortex. Nature. 2008;453(7198):1102-1106.

A journal article with 3 authors

Ohmoto H, Watanabe Y, Kumazawa K. Evidence from massive siderite beds for a CO2-rich atmosphere before approximately 1.8 billion years ago. Nature. 2004;429(6990):395-399.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Gupta SS, Stadler M, Noser CA, et al. Rapid total destruction of chlorophenols by activated hydrogen peroxide. Science. 2002;296(5566):326-328.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Jensen RC. Risk-Reduction Methods for Occupational Safety and Health. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2012.

An edited book

Merkisz J. New Trends in Emission Control in the European Union. Vol 4. (Pielecha J, Radzimirski S, eds.). Springer International Publishing; 2014.

A chapter in an edited book

Radüntz T. A New Method for Mental Workload Registration. In: Harris D, ed. Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics: 13th International Conference, EPCE 2016, Held as Part of HCI International 2016, Toronto, ON, Canada, July 17-22, 2016, Proceedings. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer International Publishing; 2016:29-37.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Surgery.

Blog post

Taub B. Caffeine May Protect Older Women From Dementia. IFLScience. Published October 5, 2016. Accessed October 30, 2018. https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/caffeine-may-protect-older-women-from-dementia/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Tax Systems Modernization: Blueprint Is a Good Start But Not Yet Sufficiently Complete to Build or Acquire Systems. U.S. Government Printing Office; 1998.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Morr R. Age Discrimination: Prejudice Suppression in the Selection Process. Doctoral dissertation. Southern Illinois University; 2015.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Johnson M. A Brief Resurrection. New York Times. March 29, 2013:MM50.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Surgery
Abbreviation	Surgery
ISSN (print)	0039-6060
Scope	Surgery