How to format your references using the Structures citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Structures. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

Goldston D. Shattered illusions. Nature 2008;451:387.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

Sakaguchi S, Powrie F. Emerging challenges in regulatory T cell function and biology. Science 2007;317:627–9.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

Seto KC, Kaufmann RK, Woodcock CE. Landsat reveals China’s farmland reserves, but they’re vanishing fast. Nature 2000;406:121.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

[1]

Cui X, Chen J, Wang T, Chen W. Rechargeable batteries with high energy storage activated by in-situ induced fluorination of carbon nanotube cathode. Sci Rep 2014;4:5310.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

Deichmann U. Flüchten, Mitmachen, Vergessen. Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA; 2005.

An edited book

[1]

Moukalled F. The Finite Volume Method in Computational Fluid Dynamics: An Advanced Introduction with OpenFOAM® and Matlab. vol. 113. 1st ed. 2015. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2016.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

Hanson S. Richard Zaner and “Standard” Medical Ethics. In: Wiggins OP, Allen AC, editors. Clinical Ethics and the Necessity of Stories: Essays in Honor of Richard M. Zaner, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2011, p. 57–69.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Structures.

Blog post

[1]

Luntz S. Sci-Fi Style Prosthetic Arm Wins FDA Approval. IFLScience 2014.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office. Transportation Security: TSA Has Developed a Risk-Based Covert Testing Program, but Could Better Mitigate Aviation Security Vulnerabilities Identified Through Covert Tests. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2008.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

Krometis L-AH. Microbial partitioning in urban stormwaters. Doctoral dissertation. University of North Carolina, 2009.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

Williams J. Boom Time in Nollywood. New York Times 2017:BR4.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Structures
ISSN (print)	2352-0124
Scope