How to format your references using the Spine Deformity citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Spine Deformity. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Ravetz J (2012) Sociology of science: Keep standards high. Nature 481:25

A journal article with 2 authors

Wolf A, Anderegg WRL (2011) Comment on “Changes in climatic water balance drive downhill shifts in plant species’ optimum elevations.” Science 334:177; author reply 177

A journal article with 3 authors

Gonsamo A, Chen JM, Wu C (2013) Citizen Science: linking the recent rapid advances of plant flowering in Canada with climate variability. Sci Rep 3:2239

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Pan M, Huang P, Li S, Chen J, Wei S, Zhang Y (2013) Double contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in preoperative Borrmann classification of advanced gastric carcinoma: comparison with histopathology. Sci Rep 3:3338

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Law H (2013) The Psychology of Coaching, Mentoring and Learning. John Wiley & Sons, Oxford

An edited book

André E, Dybkjær L, Minker W, Neumann H, Pieraccini R, Weber M (2008) Perception in Multimodal Dialogue Systems: 4th IEEE Tutorial and Research Workshop on Perception and Interactive Technologies for Speech-Based Systems, PIT 2008, Kloster Irsee, Germany, June 16-18, 2008. Proceedings. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

A chapter in an edited book

Kinsley H, McGugan W (2015) Creating Visuals. In: McGugan W (ed) Beginning Python Games Development: With Pygame. Apress, Berkeley, CA, pp 61–81

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Spine Deformity.

Blog post

Fang J (2014) Carnivorous Crustacean was Ancient Relative of this Eyeball with Legs. In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/carnivorous-crustacean-was-ancient-relative-eyeball-legs/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (2016) Unemployment Insurance: Various Factors Affect Head Start and Other Early Childhood Teachers’ Eligibility for Benefits. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Detweiler KR (2012) Exploring Discursive Interaction, Habitus, and Dynamic Co-emergence Among an Agency Leader and Congressional Oversight Committee: A Case Study of Languaging in Practice. Doctoral dissertation, George Washington University

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Crow K (2001) Trying to Protect A Zigzag Piece Of a Famed Circle. New York Times 145

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Spine Deformity
Abbreviation	Spine Deform.
ISSN (print)	2212-134X
ISSN (online)	2212-1358
Scope	Orthopedics and Sports Medicine