How to format your references using the Spine Deformity citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Spine Deformity. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Bressanelli S. Structural biology. Kickstarting a viral RNA polymerase. Science. 2015 Feb 13;347(6223):715–6.

A journal article with 2 authors

Austin AT, Vivanco L. Plant litter decomposition in a semi-arid ecosystem controlled by photodegradation. Nature. 2006 Aug 3;442(7102):555–8.

A journal article with 3 authors

Ball LT, Lloyd-Jones GC, Russell CA. Gold-catalyzed direct arylation. Science. 2012 Sep 28;337(6102):1644–8.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Sun Z, Li G, Wang C, Jing Y, Zhu Y, Zhang S, et al. Community dynamics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbes in an estuary reservoir. Sci Rep. 2014 Nov 10;4:6966.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Fayngold M. Special Relativity and Motions Faster than Light. Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA; 2005.

An edited book

Maris CW, Jacobs FCLM, editors. Law, Order and Freedom: A Historical Introduction to Legal Philosophy. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2012. (Law and Philosophy Library; vol. 94).

A chapter in an edited book

Antsaklis PJ, Michel AN. Controllability and Observability: Fundamental Results. In: Michel AN, editor. A Linear Systems Primer. Boston, MA: Birkhäuser; 2007. p. 195–236.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Spine Deformity.

Blog post

Luntz S. Rampaging Elephant Smashes House, Then Rescues Crying Baby. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2014.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. FAA Budget: Key Issues Need to Be Addressed. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1992 Apr. Report No.: T-RCED-92-51.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Binkley PM. Relationship of Graduate Student Involvement to Graduate Alumni Donor Behavior [Doctoral dissertation]. [Washington, DC]: George Washington University; 2012.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Mashal M. Head of ISIS Branch in Afghanistan Killed in April Raid. New York Times. 2017 May 7;A6.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Bressanelli 2015).
This sentence cites two references (Austin and Vivanco 2006; Bressanelli 2015).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Austin and Vivanco 2006)
Three or more authors: (Sun et al. 2014)

About the journal

Full journal title	Spine Deformity
Abbreviation	Spine Deform.
ISSN (print)	2212-134X
Scope	Orthopedics and Sports Medicine