How to format your references using the Solid Earth Sciences citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Solid Earth Sciences. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Knapp, S., 2008. Genetics. Celebrating spuds. Science 321, 206–207.

A journal article with 2 authors

Leinwand, L.A., Moss, R.L., 2011. Medicine. Chemically tuned myosin motors. Science 331, 1392–1393.

A journal article with 3 authors

Gupta, G., Jalil, M.B.A., Liang, G., 2014. Effect of band-alignment operation on carrier transport in Bi2Se3 topological insulator. Sci. Rep. 4, 6220.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Mathon, N.F., Malcolm, D.S., Harrisingh, M.C., Cheng, L., Lloyd, A.C., 2001. Lack of replicative senescence in normal rodent glia. Science 291, 872–875.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Gavin, H., Porter, T., 2014. Female Aggression. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK.

An edited book

Spector, J.M., Merrill, M.D., Elen, J., Bishop, M.J. (Eds.), 2014. Handbook of Research on Educational Communications and Technology, 4th ed. 2014. ed. Springer, New York, NY.

A chapter in an edited book

Chen, X., Wang, C., Shajahan, A.N., Riggins, R.B., Clarke, R., Xuan, J., 2012. Reconstruction of Transcription Regulatory Networks by Stability-Based Network Component Analysis, in: Bleris, L., Măndoiu, I., Schwartz, R., Wang, J. (Eds.), Bioinformatics Research and Applications: 8th International Symposium, ISBRA 2012, Dallas, TX, USA, May 21-23, 2012. Proceedings, Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 36–47.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Solid Earth Sciences.

Blog post

Taub, B., 2016. World Trade Center Rescue Workers May Be At Risk Of Early Dementia [WWW Document]. IFLScience. URL (accessed 10.30.18).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office, 1993. Space Operations: Archiving Space Science Data Needs Further Management Improvements (No. NSIAD-94-25). U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Little, K., 2013. Using Ancient and Modern Fishes to Track Environmental Change in the Illinois River (Doctoral dissertation). Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville, IL.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Hodara, S., 2016. Using Their Artistic Vision to Pierce Iran’s Veil. New York Times WE7.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Knapp, 2008).
This sentence cites two references (Knapp, 2008; Leinwand and Moss, 2011).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Leinwand and Moss, 2011)
Three or more authors: (Mathon et al., 2001)

About the journal

Full journal title	Solid Earth Sciences
Abbreviation	Solid Earth Sci.
ISSN (print)	2451-912X
Scope