How to format your references using the Solid Earth Sciences citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Solid Earth Sciences. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Gosden, R., 2013. Robert Edwards (1925-2013). Nature 497, 318.

A journal article with 2 authors

Park, J., Levin, V., 2002. Seismic anisotropy: tracing plate dynamics in the mantle. Science 296, 485–489.

A journal article with 3 authors

Toyoshima, C., Nomura, H., Tsuda, T., 2004. Lumenal gating mechanism revealed in calcium pump crystal structures with phosphate analogues. Nature 432, 361–368.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Baum, J.K., Myers, R.A., Kehler, D.G., Worm, B., Harley, S.J., Doherty, P.A., 2003. Collapse and conservation of shark populations in the Northwest Atlantic. Science 299, 389–392.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Prutchi, D., Norris, M., 2004. Design and Development of Medical Electronic Instrumentation. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ.

An edited book

Härdle, W.K., 2014. Basics of Modern Mathematical Statistics: Exercises and Solutions, Springer Texts in Statistics. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

A chapter in an edited book

Bozovic, I., 2007. Possible Jahn–Teller Effect and Strong Electron–Phonon Coupling in Beryllium Hydride, in: Bussmann-Holder, A., Keller, H. (Eds.), High Tc Superconductors and Related Transition Metal Oxides: Special Contributions in Honor of K. Alex Müller on the Occasion of His 80th Birthday. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 43–55.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Solid Earth Sciences.

Blog post

Andrew, D., 2015. 5 Science Facts Jurrassic World Totally Ignored [WWW Document]. IFLScience. URL https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/5-science-facts-jurrasic-world-totally-ignored/ (accessed 10.30.18).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office, 1979. National Bureau of Standards Needs Better Management of Its Computer Resources To Improve Program Effectiveness (No. CED-79-39). U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Cooper, E.A., 2009. Missouri elementary teacher certification programs and the education provided on how boys and girls learn differently (Doctoral dissertation). Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Smith, M., Pérez-Peña, R., Bromwich, J.E., 2016. Iowa Man Surrenders After Two Police Officers Are Ambushed Overnight. New York Times A15.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Gosden, 2013).
This sentence cites two references (Gosden, 2013; Park and Levin, 2002).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Park and Levin, 2002)
Three or more authors: (Baum et al., 2003)

About the journal

Full journal title	Solid Earth Sciences
Abbreviation	Solid Earth Sci.
ISSN (print)	2451-912X
Scope