How to format your references using the Solid Earth citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Solid Earth. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Hirsch, J. E.: Superconductivity. The true colors of cuprates, Science, 295, 2226–2227, 2002.

A journal article with 2 authors

Oppenheim, J. and Wehner, S.: The uncertainty principle determines the nonlocality of quantum mechanics, Science, 330, 1072–1074, 2010.

A journal article with 3 authors

Scarf, D., Hayne, H., and Colombo, M.: Pigeons on par with primates in numerical competence, Science, 334, 1664, 2011.

A journal article with 100 or more authors

Luecke, H., Schobert, B., Lanyi, J. K., Spudich, E. N., and Spudich, J. L.: Crystal structure of sensory rhodopsin II at 2.4 angstroms: insights into color tuning and transducer interaction, Science, 293, 1499–1503, 2001.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Bisen, P. S. and Raghuvanshi, R.: Emerging Epidemics, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, Hoboken, NJ, 2013.

An edited book

Flannery, J. A.: Eco-Landscape Design, edited by: Smith, K. M., Springer International Publishing, Cham, IV, 227 p. 311 illus., 284 illus. in color pp., 2015.

A chapter in an edited book

Wickström, B.-A.: Fairness, Rights, and Language Rights: On the Fair Treatment of Linguistic Minorities, in: Public Economics and Public Choice: Contributions in Honor of Charles B. Blankart, edited by: Baake, P. and Borck, R., Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 81–101, 2007.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Solid Earth.

Blog post

Exoplanet With Gigantic Rings 200 Times Bigger than Saturn’s Discovered:

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office: Reply to the Health, Education, and Welfare on Recommendations Made in the GAO Report to the Congress, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1972.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

McKenzie, N. J.: African/Black psychology: A qualitative investigation of distinguished Black psychologists, Doctoral dissertation, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, 2012.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Koblin, J.: Tech Firms Make Push Toward TV, New York Times, 21st August, B1, 2017.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Hirsch, 2002).
This sentence cites two references (Hirsch, 2002; Oppenheim and Wehner, 2010).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Oppenheim and Wehner, 2010)
Three or more authors: (Luecke et al., 2001)

About the journal

Full journal title	Solid Earth
Abbreviation	Solid Earth
ISSN (print)	1869-9510
ISSN (online)	1869-9529
Scope	Soil Science Earth-Surface Processes Geochemistry and Petrology Geology Geophysics Palaeontology Stratigraphy