How to format your references using the Sleep Medicine: X citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Sleep Medicine: X. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

Lerner LS. Good and bad science in US schools. Nature 2000;407:287–90.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

Barker S, Elderfield H. Foraminiferal calcification response to glacial-interglacial changes in atmospheric CO2. Science 2002;297:833–6.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

Butler MA, Sawyer SA, Losos JB. Sexual dimorphism and adaptive radiation in Anolis lizards. Nature 2007;447:202–5.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

[1]

Aouadi M, Tesz GJ, Nicoloro SM, Wang M, Chouinard M, Soto E, et al. Orally delivered siRNA targeting macrophage Map4k4 suppresses systemic inflammation. Nature 2009;458:1180–4.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

Anjum B, Perros H. Bandwidth Allocation for Video Under Quality of Service Constraints. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2015.

An edited book

[1]

Faletti C, editor. Traumatologia scheletrica: Imaging integrato clinico-radiologico. Milano: Springer; 2016.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

Richter S. Comments on Chapter 2 and 3. In: Keereman F, Szekely I, editors. Five Years of an Enlarged EU: A Positive Sum Game, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2010, p. 55–60.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Sleep Medicine: X.

Blog post

[1]

Andrew E. NASA Tests 3D Printed Rocket Parts. IFLScience 2014. https://www.iflscience.com/technology/nasa-tests-3d-printed-rocket-parts/ (accessed October 30, 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office. Digital Television Transition: Increased Federal Planning and Risk Management Could Further Facilitate the DTV Transition. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2007.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

Rus EL. A grant proposal for program “Tech Connect”: Bridging the generations through technology coaching. Doctoral dissertation. California State University, Long Beach, 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

Gustines GG. Friendly Neighborhood Web-Slinger Exhibition. New York Times 2017:C16.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Sleep Medicine: X
ISSN (print)	2590-1427
Scope

Research and Writing Guides