How to format your references using the SLEEP citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for SLEEP. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Bejan A. Maxwell’s demons everywhere: evolving design as the arrow of time. Sci Rep. 2014;4:4017.

A journal article with 2 authors

Rehren T, Pusch EB. Late Bronze Age glass production at Qantir-Piramesses, Egypt. Science. 2005;308(5729):1756-1758.

A journal article with 3 authors

Borys NJ, Shafran E, Lupton JM. Surface plasmon delocalization in silver nanoparticle aggregates revealed by subdiffraction supercontinuum hot spots. Sci Rep. 2013;3:2090.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Webster MA, Kaping D, Mizokami Y, Duhamel P. Adaptation to natural facial categories. Nature. 2004;428(6982):557-561.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Silverstein D, Samuel P, Decarlo N. The Innovator’s Toolkit. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2008.

An edited book

Paredes R, Cardoso JS, Pardo XM, eds. Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis: 7th Iberian Conference, IbPRIA 2015, Santiago de Compostela, Spain, June 17-19, 2015, Proceedings. Vol 9117. Springer International Publishing; 2015.

A chapter in an edited book

Somssich R. Linguistic Equality and Language as a Legal Risk for Legislating in the European Union. In: Mišćenić E, Raccah A, eds. Legal Risks in EU Law: Interdisciplinary Studies on Legal Risk Management and Better Regulation in Europe. Springer International Publishing; 2016:63-85.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for SLEEP.

Blog post

Andrew E. Amazing Drone Footage Of Sudan’s Mysterious & Forgotten Pyramids. IFLScience.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. ADP Budget: Trends in SSA’s Information Technology Systems Budget. U.S. Government Printing Office; 1988.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Lucas WA. Dynamics of Food Consumption in a Q’eqchi’ Maya Community. Doctoral dissertation. California State University, Long Beach; 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Stewart JB. Major Hurdle in Tax Overhaul: The Breaks in Trump’s Own Field. New York Times. April 22, 2017:A1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	SLEEP
Abbreviation	Sleep
ISSN (print)	0161-8105
ISSN (online)	1550-9109
Scope	Clinical Neurology Physiology (medical)