How to format your references using the Silva Fennica citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Silva Fennica. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Lodge TP (2008) Materials science. A unique platform for materials design. Science 321: 50–51

A journal article with 2 authors

Hibbs RE, Gouaux E (2011) Principles of activation and permeation in an anion-selective Cys-loop receptor. Nature 474: 54–60

A journal article with 3 authors

Lohse D, Schmitz B, Versluis M (2001) Snapping shrimp make flashing bubbles. Nature 413: 477–478

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Liu H, Chen Y, Lv J, Liu H, Zhu R, Su J, Liu X, Zhang Y, Wu Q (2013) Quantitative epigenetic co-variation in CpG islands and co-regulation of developmental genes. Sci Rep 3: 2576

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Hoy J (2015) Forensic Radio Survey Techniques for Cell Site Analysis. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK

An edited book

Tscharntke T, Leuschner C, Zeller M, Guhardja E, Bidin A (eds) (2007) Stability of Tropical Rainforest Margins: Linking Ecological, Economic and Social Constraints of Land Use and Conservation. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

A chapter in an edited book

Jónsson Á, Sigurgeirsson H (2016) Day Zero. In: Sigurgeirsson H (ed) The Icelandic Financial Crisis: A Study into the World´s Smallest Currency Area and its Recovery from Total Banking Collapse. Palgrave Macmillan UK, London, pp 103–138

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Silva Fennica.

Blog post

Carpineti A (2016) What Would Happen If You Tried To Stand On Jupiter? IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/space/can-you-stand-on-a-gas-giant-like-jupiter/. Accessed 30 October 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (2012) Unmanned Aircraft Systems: Measuring Progress and Addressing Potential Privacy Concerns Would Facilitate Integration into the National Airspace System [Reissued on September 18, 2012]. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Bontrager JG (2015) Characterization and Applications for A Polymerized DiaCEST Contrast Agent. Doctoral dissertation, University of Arizona

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Mueller B, Schweber N (2015) Brooklyn Fire Kills 7 Children, Worst Toll in City Since 2007. New York Times A1

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Lodge 2008).
This sentence cites two references (Hibbs and Gouaux 2011; Lodge 2008).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Hibbs and Gouaux 2011)
Three or more authors: (Liu et al. 2013)

About the journal

Full journal title	Silva Fennica
ISSN (print)	2242-4075
Scope