How to format your references using the Signal Processing citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Signal Processing. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

P.D. Polly, Evolution: stuck between the teeth, Nature 497 (2013) 325–326.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

M. Joanicot, A. Ajdari, Applied physics. Droplet control for microfluidics, Science 309 (2005) 887–888.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

C.A. Dalton, C.H. Langmuir, A. Gale, Geophysical and geochemical evidence for deep temperature variations beneath mid-ocean ridges, Science 344 (2014) 80–83.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

[1]

S. Nakada, I. Tai, S. Panier, A. Al-Hakim, S.-I. Iemura, Y.-C. Juang, L. O’Donnell, A. Kumakubo, M. Munro, F. Sicheri, A.-C. Gingras, T. Natsume, T. Suda, D. Durocher, Non-canonical inhibition of DNA damage-dependent ubiquitination by OTUB1, Nature 466 (2010) 941–946.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

R. Kindmann, U. Krüger, Stahlbau, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, Germany, 2013.

An edited book

[1]

R.C. Mitchell, S.A. Moore, eds., Planetary Praxis & Pedagogy: Transdisciplinary Approaches to Environmental Sustainability, SensePublishers, Rotterdam, 2015.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

P. Hitzler, B. Parsia, Ontologies and Rules, in: S. Staab, R. Studer (Eds.), Handbook on Ontologies, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2009: pp. 111–132.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Signal Processing.

Blog post

[1]

S. Luntz, Comet To Make Close Approach To Mars, IFLScience (2014).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office, Tax Systems Modernization: Comments on IRS’ Portion of President’s Request for Fiscal Year 1993 Supplemental Funds, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1993.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

J.A. Moran, Investigating the circumstellar environments of young stars with the PROMPT polarimeter, Doctoral dissertation, University of North Carolina, 2009.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

K. Kelly, A. Rappeport, Goldman Sachs Veteran Withdraws From Nomination to Treasury, New York Times (2017) B6.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Signal Processing
Abbreviation	Signal Processing
ISSN (print)	0165-1684
Scope	Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Signal Processing Software Control and Systems Engineering Electrical and Electronic Engineering