How to format your references using the Signal Processing citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Signal Processing. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

L.R. Sita, Chemistry. Tin takes ethylene on--and off, Science. 325 (2009) 1631–1632.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

R. Gebbers, V.I. Adamchuk, Precision agriculture and food security, Science. 327 (2010) 828–831.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

S. Henikoff, K. Ahmad, H.S. Malik, The centromere paradox: stable inheritance with rapidly evolving DNA, Science. 293 (2001) 1098–1102.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

[1]

A.A. Avery, C.S. Prakash, A. McHughen, A.R. Trewavas, T.R. DeGregori, What kind of farming works best?, Science. 307 (2005) 1410–1; author reply 140-1.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

J. Fan, Multiscale Analysis of Deformation and Failure of Materials, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK, 2010.

An edited book

[1]

M.I. Slavin, ed., Sustainability in America’s Cities: Creating the Green Metropolis, Island Press/Center for Resource Economics, Washington, DC, 2011.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

A.M. Abbasi, M.H. Shah, M.A. Khan, Nutritional Contents of Wild Edible Vegetables, in: M.H. Shah, M.A. Khan (Eds.), Wild Edible Vegetables of Lesser Himalayas: Ethnobotanical and Nutraceutical Aspects, Volume 1, Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2015: pp. 141–167.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Signal Processing.

Blog post

[1]

B. Taub, Here’s What The World Of Science Looked Like Last Time The Chicago Cubs Won The World Series, IFLScience. (2016). https://www.iflscience.com/editors-blog/heres-what-the-world-of-science-looked-like-last-time-the-chicago-cubs-won-the-world-series/ (accessed October 30, 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office, Allowances for Independent Research and Development Costs in Negotiated Contracts, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1970.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

A. Lyzlov, In Vivo Efficacy of Lanthanum Carbonate on Intestinal Phosphorus Absorption in Stage Five Chronic Kidney Disease Patients Undergoing Peritoneal Dialysis, Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach, 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

L. Qiu, ‘Thousands’ of Jobs? And for Whom?, New York Times. (2017) A13.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Signal Processing
Abbreviation	Signal Processing
ISSN (print)	0165-1684
Scope	Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Signal Processing Software Control and Systems Engineering Electrical and Electronic Engineering

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