How to format your references using the Signal Processing citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Signal Processing. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

R.F. Service, Solar energy. Performance of nanowire solar cells on the rise, Science. 339 (2013) 263.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

Y. Michalakis, D. Roze, Evolution. Epistasis in RNA viruses, Science. 306 (2004) 1492–1493.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

W.-W. Li, H.-Q. Yu, B.E. Rittmann, Chemistry: Reuse water pollutants, Nature. 528 (2015) 29–31.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

[1]

D.S. Chelur, G.G. Ernstrom, M.B. Goodman, C.A. Yao, L. Chen, R. O’ Hagan, M. Chalfie, The mechanosensory protein MEC-6 is a subunit of the C. elegans touch-cell degenerin channel, Nature. 420 (2002) 669–673.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

R. Scheinfeld, Busting Loose from the Business Game, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ, 2009.

An edited book

[1]

A. Gandhi, N. Malhotra, J. Malhotra, N. Gupta, N.M. Bora, eds., Principles of Critical Care in Obstetrics: Volume II, 1st ed. 2016, Springer India, New Delhi, 2016.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

N. Beeker, S. Gaubert, C. Glusa, L. Liberti, Is the Distance Geometry Problem in NP?, in: A. Mucherino, C. Lavor, L. Liberti, N. Maculan (Eds.), Distance Geometry: Theory, Methods, and Applications, Springer, New York, NY, 2013: pp. 85–93.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Signal Processing.

Blog post

[1]

E. Andrew, Researchers Find Association Between Porn Viewing And Less Grey Matter In The Brain, IFLScience. (2014). https://www.iflscience.com/brain/researchers-find-association-between-porn-viewing-and-less-grey-matter-brain/ (accessed October 30, 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office, Information Technology: DOD Needs to Leverage Lessons Learned from Its Outsourcing Projects, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 2003.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

E.M. Nuñez, Getting H.I.P. with First-Generation College Students: Decolonizing the High Impact Practice Movement, Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach, 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

M. Billard, Wheels With Women in Mind, New York Times. (2010) E5.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Signal Processing
Abbreviation	Signal Processing
ISSN (print)	0165-1684
Scope	Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Signal Processing Software Control and Systems Engineering Electrical and Electronic Engineering