How to format your references using the Signal Processing citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Signal Processing. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

F. Gasse, Paleoclimate. Hydrological changes in Africa, Science 292 (2001) 2259–2260.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

B. Bartel, S.P.T. Matsuda, Plant biology. Seeing red, Science 299 (2003) 352–353.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

P.D. Fortin, C.T. Walsh, N.A. Magarvey, A transglutaminase homologue as a condensation catalyst in antibiotic assembly lines, Nature 448 (2007) 824–827.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

[1]

J. Zhang, X. Song, Y. Li, P.G. Richards, X. Sun, F. Waldhauser, Inner core differential motion confirmed by earthquake waveform doublets, Science 309 (2005) 1357–1360.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

C.L. Meinert, Clinical Trials Handbook, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ, 2012.

An edited book

[1]

M. Anandarajan, ed., e-Research Collaboration: Theory, Techniques and Challenges, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2010.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

Y. Zhong, Gastric Cancer, in: M. Alaoui-Jamali (Ed.), Alternative and Complementary Therapies for Cancer: Integrative Approaches and Discovery of Conventional Drugs, Springer US, Boston, MA, 2010: pp. 105–133.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Signal Processing.

Blog post

[1]

E. Andrew, WHO Approves 15-Minute Ebola Test, IFLScience (2015). https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/who-approves-15-minute-ebola-test/ (accessed October 30, 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office, Polar-Orbiting Environmental Satellites: Agencies Must Act Quickly to Address Risks That Jeopardize the Continuity of Weather and Climate Data, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 2010.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

K.M. Coleman, Parent involvement in the promotion of healthy outcomes for young girls: A grant writing project, Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach, 2015.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

E.G. Fitzsimmons, R. Buettner, Rail Crossing Accidents Decline Nationwide, but Less So in New York Region, New York Times (2015) A22.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Signal Processing
Abbreviation	Signal Processing
ISSN (print)	0165-1684
Scope	Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Signal Processing Software Control and Systems Engineering Electrical and Electronic Engineering