How to format your references using the Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Joyce GF (2007) Obituary: Leslie Orgel (1927-2007). Nature 450:627

A journal article with 2 authors

Gerde E, Marder M (2001) Friction and fracture. Nature 413:285–288

A journal article with 3 authors

Kalisz S, Vogler DW, Hanley KM (2004) Context-dependent autonomous self-fertilization yields reproductive assurance and mixed mating. Nature 430:884–887

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Forgues J-C, Sane FB, Blanchard S, et al (2013) Noise intensity-intensity correlations and the fourth cumulant of photo-assisted shot noise. Sci Rep 3:2869

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Traitler H (2015) Food Industry Innovation School, The. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK

An edited book

Buscema M, Tastle WJ (eds) (2013) Intelligent Data Mining in Law Enforcement Analytics: New Neural Networks Applied to Real Problems. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht

A chapter in an edited book

Andersson M, Karlsson C (2006) Regional Innovation Systems in Small and Medium-Sized Regions. In: Johansson B, Karlsson C, Stough R (eds) The Emerging Digital Economy: Entrepreneurship, Clusters, and Policy. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 55–81

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering.

Blog post

Luntz S (2014) Scientists Create Solid Light. In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/physics/crystallized-light-reveals-potential/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1981) [Department of Energy’s Authority To Establish a Facility at Morgantown, West Virginia]. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Valdez K (2015) Taking a closer look at the mental health services act of 2004: A policy analysis. Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Brantley B (2017) Vanishing Patricians, and Then What? New York Times C2

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Joyce 2007).
This sentence cites two references (Gerde and Marder 2001; Joyce 2007).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Gerde and Marder 2001)
Three or more authors: (Forgues et al. 2013)

About the journal

Full journal title	Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering
Abbreviation	Rock Mech. Rock Eng.
ISSN (print)	0723-2632
ISSN (online)	1434-453X
Scope	Geology Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology Civil and Structural Engineering General Earth and Planetary Sciences Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous) General Engineering General Environmental Science