How to format your references using the Qualitative Sociology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Qualitative Sociology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

MacDonald, H. Robson. 2002. Immunology. T before NK. Science (New York, N.Y.) 296: 481–482.

A journal article with 2 authors

Ding, Baoquan, and Nadrian C. Seeman. 2006. Operation of a DNA robot arm inserted into a 2D DNA crystalline substrate. Science (New York, N.Y.) 314: 1583–1585.

A journal article with 3 authors

Nalley, Kip, Stephen Albert Johnston, and Thomas Kodadek. 2006. Proteolytic turnover of the Gal4 transcription factor is not required for function in vivo. Nature 442: 1054–1057.

A journal article with 11 or more authors

Chow, Amy, Derek Toomre, Wendy Garrett, and Ira Mellman. 2002. Dendritic cell maturation triggers retrograde MHC class II transport from lysosomes to the plasma membrane. Nature 418: 988–994.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

McGrath, Alister E. 2011. Darwinism and the Divine. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.

An edited book

Wattjes, Mike P., and Dirk Fischer, ed. 2013. Neuromuscular Imaging. New York, NY: Springer.

A chapter in an edited book

Boyer, Louis, Lucie Cassagnes, Hélène Vernhet, Jean-Marc Garcier, and Pascal Chabrot. 2014. Massive Hemoptysis: Radiological Management. In Embolization, ed. Pascal Chabrot and Louis Boyer, 63–77. London: Springer.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Qualitative Sociology.

Blog post

Luntz, Stephen. 2016. Evolution Once Operated 4,000 Times Faster Than Today. IFLScience. IFLScience. July 8.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 2000. Transit Grants: Department of Labor’s Certification Process. T-RCED-00-157. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Zimmerman, Kenneth L. 2017. Perceived and preferred organizational culture on behavior intentions in the hospitality industry. Doctoral dissertation, Minneapolis, MN: Capella University.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Garland, Susan B. 2017. Vulnerable Older Adults, Abusive Guardians. New York Times, July 28.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (MacDonald 2002).
This sentence cites two references (MacDonald 2002; Ding and Seeman 2006).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Ding and Seeman 2006)
Three or more authors: (Chow et al. 2002)

About the journal

Full journal title	Qualitative Sociology
Abbreviation	Qual. Sociol.
ISSN (print)	0162-0436
ISSN (online)	1573-7837
Scope	Sociology and Political Science