How to format your references using the Qualitative Sociology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Qualitative Sociology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Macilwain, Colin. 2013. Thrill of space exploration is a universal constant. Nature 503: 313.

A journal article with 2 authors

Fox, Bennett W., and Randal S. Tibbetts. 2015. Neurodegeneration: Problems at the nuclear pore. Nature 525: 36–37.

A journal article with 3 authors

Tang, Zhiyong, Nicholas A. Kotov, and Michael Giersig. 2002. Spontaneous organization of single CdTe nanoparticles into luminescent nanowires. Science (New York, N.Y.) 297: 237–240.

A journal article with 11 or more authors

Sugawara, Kana, Toshio Hamatani, Mitsutoshi Yamada, Seiji Ogawa, Shintaro Kamijo, Naoaki Kuji, Hidenori Akutsu, Kenji Miyado, Yasunori Yoshimura, and Akihiro Umezawa. 2014. Derivation of human decidua-like cells from amnion and menstrual blood. Scientific reports 4: 4599.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Bush, Jack, Daryl M. Harris, and Richard J. Parker. 2016. Cognitive Self Change. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

An edited book

Cook, Wade D. 2005. Modeling Performance Measurement: Applications and Implementation Issues in DEA. Edited by Joe Zhu. Boston, MA: Springer US.

A chapter in an edited book

Lee, Lai Fong, Gurnam Kaur Sidhu, and Yuen Fook Chan. 2015. A Sociocultural Perspective of Factors Influencing Academic Writing from School to Postsecondary Education. In Taylor’s 7th Teaching and Learning Conference 2014 Proceedings: Holistic Education: Enacting Change, ed. Siew Fun Tang and Loshinikarasi Logonnathan, 39–54. Singapore: Springer.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Qualitative Sociology.

Blog post

Carpineti, Alfredo. 2016. The Leonid Meteor Shower Peaks Tonight. IFLScience. IFLScience. November 17.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 2001. NASA’s X-33 and X-34 Programs. GAO-01-1041R. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Graeter, Christine Jacobson. 2012. Longitudinal Study of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Subjects in the American Clinical Trial of Enzyme Potentiated Desensitization. Doctoral dissertation, Cincinnati, OH: University of Cincinnati.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Lee, Linda. 2012. Bridal Hunger Games. New York Times, April 15.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Macilwain 2013).
This sentence cites two references (Macilwain 2013; Fox and Tibbetts 2015).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Fox and Tibbetts 2015)
Three or more authors: (Sugawara et al. 2014)

About the journal

Full journal title	Qualitative Sociology
Abbreviation	Qual. Sociol.
ISSN (print)	0162-0436
ISSN (online)	1573-7837
Scope	Sociology and Political Science