How to format your references using the Prehospital and Disaster Medicine citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Prehospital and Disaster Medicine. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Nasrallah JB. Recognition and rejection of self in plant reproduction. Science. 2002;296(5566):305–308

A journal article with 2 authors

Fraser P, Bickmore W. Nuclear organization of the genome and the potential for gene regulation. Nature. 2007;447(7143):413–417

A journal article with 3 authors

Kohli RM, Walsh CT, Burkart MD. Biomimetic synthesis and optimization of cyclic peptide antibiotics. Nature. 2002;418(6898):658–661

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Leeman DS, Hebestreit K, Ruetz T, et al. Lysosome activation clears aggregates and enhances quiescent neural stem cell activation during aging. Science. 2018;359(6381):1277–1283

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Duhon T. How the Trading Floor Really Works. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.; 2012

An edited book

Pich A, Richtering W, eds. Chemical Design of Responsive Microgels. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2011

A chapter in an edited book

Sen S, Chakraborty R, De B. Pregnancy and Diabetes. In: Chakraborty R, De B, eds, Diabetes Mellitus in 21st Century. Singapore: Springer; 2016:35–44

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Prehospital and Disaster Medicine.

Blog post

Hamilton K. British People Are Feeling Better Than Ever – Here’s How We Can Tell. https://www.iflscience.com/editors-blog/british-people-are-feeling-better-than-ever-heres-how-we-can-tell/. Accessed October 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. NATO: Progress Toward More Mobile and Deployable Forces. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1999

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Crump S. The efficacy of an academic behavior assessment tool for the functional behavior assessment process. 2015

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Murphy MJO. Weekend Entertainments From the Archives of the New York Times. New York Times. . February 6, 2015:C36

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Prehospital and Disaster Medicine
ISSN (print)	1049-023X
ISSN (online)	1945-1938
Scope