How to format your references using the Population Health Metrics citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Population Health Metrics. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Pincus P. PHASE TRANSITIONS: Y’s and Ends. Science. 2000;290:1307–8.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Lazar MA, Birnbaum MJ. Physiology. De-meaning of metabolism. Science. 2012;336:1651–2.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Siu ZB, Jalil MBA, Tan SG. Topological state transport in topological insulators under the influence of hexagonal warping and exchange coupling to in-plane magnetizations. Sci Rep. 2014;4:5062.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Yang Y, Wang H, Gao M, Xu S, Xu X, Cao X, et al. Pre-pregnancy cytogenetic analysis of general couples in eastern China. Sci Rep. 2014;4:7224.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Degner R, Leibl S. pH messen. Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA; 2005.

An edited book

1. Bunimovich L. Isospectral Transformations: A New Approach to Analyzing Multidimensional Systems and Networks. Webb B, editor. New York, NY: Springer; 2014.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Lisahunter, Emerald E, Martin G. Where Do You Stand: Philosophical Orientations. In: Emerald E, Martin G, editors. Participatory Activist Research in the Globalised World: Social Change Through the Cultural Professions. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2013. p. 45–58.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Population Health Metrics.

Blog post

1. Hamilton K. This Is What Niagara Falls Looks Like When It Freezes Over [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2015 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/environment/incredible-images-partially-frozen-niagara-falls/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Information Security: Progress Made, but Federal Aviation Administration Needs to Improve Controls over Air Traffic Control Systems. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2005 Aug. Report No.: GAO-05-712.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Vu MK. Reducing mental health provider burnout through wellness: A grant proposal [Doctoral dissertation]. [Long Beach, CA]: California State University, Long Beach; 2015.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. (nyt) SK. World Briefing | Europe: Russia: Breakaway Church In Talks. New York Times. 2003 Nov 19;A14.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Population Health Metrics
Abbreviation	Popul. Health Metr.
ISSN (online)	1478-7954
Scope	Epidemiology Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health