How to format your references using the Population Health Metrics citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Population Health Metrics. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Allshire R. Molecular biology. RNAi and heterochromatin--a hushed-up affair. Science. 2002;297:1818–9.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Chuong EB, Feschotte C. Evolution. Transposons up the dosage. Science. 2013;342:812–3.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Langmore NE, Hunt S, Kilner RM. Escalation of a coevolutionary arms race through host rejection of brood parasitic young. Nature. 2003;422:157–60.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Bianchi E, Denti S, Granata A, Bossi G, Geginat J, Villa A, et al. Integrin LFA-1 interacts with the transcriptional co-activator JAB1 to modulate AP-1 activity. Nature. 2000;404:617–21.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. van der Heide P. Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2014.

An edited book

1. Sahayaraj K. Artificial Rearing of Reduviid Predators for Pest Management. Balasubramanian R, editor. Singapore: Springer; 2016.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Soto-Oñate D. The Historical Origins of Regional Economic Inequality in Spain: The Cultural Legacy of Political Institutions. In: Schofield N, Caballero G, editors. The Political Economy of Governance: Institutions, Political Performance and Elections. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2015. p. 79–111.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Population Health Metrics.

Blog post

1. Luntz S. “Green” Jet Fuel From Sunlight Developed. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2014.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Air Force Decision Not To Purchase Certain Automatic Data Processing Equipment Located at Its Environmental Technical Applications Center, Washington, D.C. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1972 Jan. Report No.: B-151204.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Neil S. A turn from the worst: Leadership influences on the successful turnaround of a high-poverty school [Doctoral dissertation]. [Minneapolis, MN]: Capella University; 2012.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Corkery M. Toys ‘R’ Us Is Said To Weigh Bankruptcy. New York Times. 2017 Sep 6;B2.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Population Health Metrics
Abbreviation	Popul. Health Metr.
ISSN (online)	1478-7954
Scope	Epidemiology Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health