How to format your references using the Polar Research citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Polar Research. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Smaglik P. 2004. Rewarding season. Nature 431, 1019.

A journal article with 2 authors

Molino J.F. & Sabatier D. 2001. Tree diversity in tropical rain forests: a validation of the intermediate disturbance hypothesis. Science (New York, N.Y.) 294, 1702–1704.

A journal article with 3 authors

Irie M., Kobatake S. & Horichi M. 2001. Reversible surface morphology changes of a photochromic diarylethene single crystal by photoirradiation. Science (New York, N.Y.) 291, 1769–1772.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Lowenstein T.K., Timofeeff M.N., Brennan S.T., Hardie L.A. & Demicco R.V. 2001. Oscillations in Phanerozoic seawater chemistry: evidence from fluid inclusions. Science (New York, N.Y.) 294, 1086–1088.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

da Silva L.S., Simões R., Gervásio H. & Couchman G. 2015. Design of Steel Structures. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.

An edited book

Rajendram R., Preedy V.R. & Patel V.B. (eds.). 2015. Branched Chain Amino Acids in Clinical Nutrition: Volume 2. New York, NY: Springer.

A chapter in an edited book

Coutu D.L., François M. & Galipeau J. 2012. Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Tissue Repair. In D.S. Allan & D. Strunk (eds.): Regenerative Therapy Using Blood-Derived Stem Cells. Pp. 35–51. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Polar Research.

Blog post

Evans K. 2016. 7 Things In Your Daily Life That You Didn’t Know Were Based On NASA Innovations. IFLScience. Accessed on the internet at https://www.iflscience.com/technology/7-things-in-your-daily-life-that-you-didn-t-know-were-based-on-nasa-innovations/ on 30 October 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 1994. Strategic Mobility: Serious Problems Remain in U.S. Deployment Capabilities (T-NSIAD-94-165). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

LaPorte M. 2017. Depression and Rumination as a Predictor for Types of Substances Abused. Doctoral dissertation, Lafayette, LA: University of Louisiana.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Samuels D. 2016. The Storyteller and the President. New York Times, MM44.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Smaglik 2004).
This sentence cites two references (Molino & Sabatier 2001; Smaglik 2004).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Molino & Sabatier 2001)
Three or more authors: (Lowenstein et al. 2001)

About the journal

Full journal title	Polar Research
ISSN (print)	0800-0395
ISSN (online)	1751-8369
Scope