How to format your references using the Frontline Gastroenterology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Frontline Gastroenterology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Sawyers CL. Perspective: combined forces. Nature 2013;498:S7.

A journal article with 2 authors

Maher K, Chamberlain CP. Hydrologic regulation of chemical weathering and the geologic carbon cycle. Science 2014;343:1502–4.

A journal article with 3 authors

Berson DM, Dunn FA, Takao M. Phototransduction by retinal ganglion cells that set the circadian clock. Science 2002;295:1070–3.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Kong A, Thorleifsson G, Frigge ML, et al. The nature of nurture: Effects of parental genotypes. Science 2018;359:424–8.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Brown BL, Hendrix SB, Hedges DW, et al. Multivariate Analysis for the Biobehavioral and Social Sciences. Hoboken, NJ: : John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2011.

An edited book

Kunkel JM, Ludwig T, editors. High Performance Computing: 30th International Conference, ISC High Performance 2015, Frankfurt, Germany, July 12-16, 2015, Proceedings. Cham: : Springer International Publishing 2015.

A chapter in an edited book

Tang H-G, Peng T-Y. Auditor Industry Specialization, Analysts Following and Financing Constrains. In: Qi E, Shen J, Dou R, eds. The 19th International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management: Engineering Economics Management. Berlin, Heidelberg: : Springer 2013. 35–44.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Frontline Gastroenterology.

Blog post

Andrew E. #Distractinglysexy: Sir Tim Hunt’s Gift To Feminism In Science. IFLScience. 2015.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Supplemental Student Loans: Who Are the Largest Lenders? Washington, DC: : U.S. Government Printing Office 1990.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Graham OB. The Chiron Complex: From Spiritual Bypassing to Individuation. 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Barron J. How a Shop Owner Predicts the Next President. New York Times. 2016;:A19.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Frontline Gastroenterology
Abbreviation	Frontline Gastroenterol.
ISSN (print)	2041-4137
ISSN (online)	2041-4145
Scope

Research and Writing Guides