How to format your references using the Physics and Imaging in Radiation Oncology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Physics and Imaging in Radiation Oncology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

Wald C. Neuroscience: The aesthetic brain. Nature 2015;526:S2-3.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

Zhang W, Luck SJ. Discrete fixed-resolution representations in visual working memory. Nature 2008;453:233–5.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

Dunn FA, Lankheet MJ, Rieke F. Light adaptation in cone vision involves switching between receptor and post-receptor sites. Nature 2007;449:603–6.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

[1]

Emerson J, Silva M, Moussa O, Ryan C, Laforest M, Baugh J, et al. Symmetrized characterization of noisy quantum processes. Science 2007;317:1893–6.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

Savaux V, Louët Y. MMSE-Based Algorithm for Joint Signal Detection, Channel and Noise Variance Estimation for OFDM Systems. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2014.

An edited book

[1]

Drechsler R. Test Pattern Generation using Boolean Proof Engines. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2009.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

Tóth CD, Toussaint GT, Winslow A. Open Guard Edges and Edge Guards in Simple Polygons. In: Márquez A, Ramos P, Urrutia J, editors. Computational Geometry: XIV Spanish Meeting on Computational Geometry, EGC 2011, Dedicated to Ferran Hurtado on the Occasion of His 60th Birthday, Alcalá de Henares, Spain, June 27-30, 2011, Revised Selected Papers, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2012, p. 54–64.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Physics and Imaging in Radiation Oncology.

Blog post

[1]

Andrew E. Science Debunks Fad Autism Theories, But That Doesn’t Dissuade Believers. IFLScience 2015. https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/science-debunks-fad-autism-theories-doesn-t-dissuade-believers/ (accessed October 30, 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office. USDA Electronic Filing: Progress Made, But Central Leadership and Comprehensive Implementation Plan Needed. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2001.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

Spotts SL. A Comparative Analysis of Missouri Elementary School Arts Curriculums. Doctoral dissertation. Lindenwood University, 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

Kishkovsky S. Manifesta Curator Named. New York Times 2013:C3.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Physics and Imaging in Radiation Oncology
Abbreviation	Phys. Imaging Radiat. Oncol.
ISSN (print)	2405-6316
Scope

Research and Writing Guides