How to format your references using the Physics and Imaging in Radiation Oncology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Physics and Imaging in Radiation Oncology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

Maddox J. Obituary: Edward Teller (1908-2003). Nature 2003;425:362–3.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

Pophristic V, Goodman L. Hyperconjugation not steric repulsion leads to the staggered structure of ethane. Nature 2001;411:565–8.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

Beaber JW, Hochhut B, Waldor MK. SOS response promotes horizontal dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes. Nature 2004;427:72–4.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

[1]

Brown JH, Whitham TG, Morgan Ernest SK, Gehring CA. Complex species interactions and the dynamics of ecological systems: long-term experiments. Science 2001;293:643–50.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

Yanni SB. Translational ADMET for Drug Therapy. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc; 2015.

An edited book

[1]

Corsi C, Slapšak B, Vermeulen F, editors. Good Practice in Archaeological Diagnostics: Non-invasive Survey of Complex Archaeological Sites. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2013.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

Kabir K, Haidar A, Tomov S, Dongarra J. On the Design, Development, and Analysis of Optimized Matrix-Vector Multiplication Routines for Coprocessors. In: Kunkel JM, Ludwig T, editors. High Performance Computing: 30th International Conference, ISC High Performance 2015, Frankfurt, Germany, July 12-16, 2015, Proceedings, Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2015, p. 58–73.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Physics and Imaging in Radiation Oncology.

Blog post

[1]

Andrew E. Meet Phronima, The Barrel-Riding Parasite That Inspired The Movie Alien. IFLScience 2014. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/meet-phronima-barrel-riding-parasite-inspired-movie-alien-0/ (accessed October 30, 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office. Higher Education: Restructuring Student Aid Could Reduce Low-Income Student Dropout Rate. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1995.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

Watson WA. Middle school students’ experiences on a science museum field trip as Preparation for Future Learning. Doctoral dissertation. George Washington University, 2010.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

Genzlinger N, Hale M, Lyons M, Brantley B. Vacation Selections For Trump. New York Times 2017:C1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Physics and Imaging in Radiation Oncology
Abbreviation	Phys. Imaging Radiat. Oncol.
ISSN (print)	2405-6316
Scope

Research and Writing Guides