How to format your references using the Physics and Imaging in Radiation Oncology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Physics and Imaging in Radiation Oncology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

Baker M. Synthetic genomes: The next step for the synthetic genome. Nature 2011;473:403, 405–8.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

Graham LA, Davies PL. Glycine-rich antifreeze proteins from snow fleas. Science 2005;310:461.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

Zhang Z, Wang W, Qiu B. Oceanic mass transport by mesoscale eddies. Science 2014;345:322–4.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

[1]

Utikal J, Polo JM, Stadtfeld M, Maherali N, Kulalert W, Walsh RM, et al. Immortalization eliminates a roadblock during cellular reprogramming into iPS cells. Nature 2009;460:1145–8.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

Gordon MJ Jr. Total Quality Process Control for Injection Molding. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2010.

An edited book

[1]

Richardson HW, Pan Q, Park J, Moore JE II, editors. Regional Economic Impacts of Terrorist Attacks, Natural Disasters and Metropolitan Policies. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2015.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

Han Y-S, Ko S-K, Salomaa K. State Complexity of Deletion. In: Shur AM, Volkov MV, editors. Developments in Language Theory: 18th International Conference, DLT 2014, Ekaterinburg, Russia, August 26-29, 2014. Proceedings, Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2014, p. 37–48.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Physics and Imaging in Radiation Oncology.

Blog post

[1]

O`Callaghan J. ESA’s ExoMars Lander May Have Crash Landed On The Surface Of Mars. IFLScience 2016. https://www.iflscience.com/space/esas-exomars-lander-may-have-crash-landed-on-mars/ (accessed October 30, 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office. Selection and Use of Contractor for Development of a Management Information System for the Atomic Energy Commission. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1973.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

Moore DL. The Challenge Program: A quantitative analysis of strategies designed to eliminate the achievement gap. Doctoral dissertation. Lindenwood University, 2012.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

Shpigel B. Gonzaga Gets Closer to an Elusive Berth. New York Times 2017:B9.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Physics and Imaging in Radiation Oncology
Abbreviation	Phys. Imaging Radiat. Oncol.
ISSN (print)	2405-6316
Scope