How to format your references using the Physics and Chemistry of the Earth citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Physics and Chemistry of the Earth. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Nürnberg, D., 2000. PALEOCLIMATE: Taking the Temperature of Past Ocean Surfaces. Science 289, 1698–1699.

A journal article with 2 authors

Dennell, R., Roebroeks, W., 2005. An Asian perspective on early human dispersal from Africa. Nature 438, 1099–1104.

A journal article with 3 authors

Usuki, F., Fujimura, M., Yamashita, A., 2013. Endoplasmic reticulum stress preconditioning attenuates methylmercury-induced cellular damage by inducing favorable stress responses. Sci. Rep. 3, 2346.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Johansson, L.C., Engel, S., Kelber, A., Heerenbrink, M.K., Hedenström, A., 2013. Multiple leading edge vortices of unexpected strength in freely flying hawkmoth. Sci. Rep. 3, 3264.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Gunn, A., Pitt, S.J., 2012. Parasitology. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK.

An edited book

Dokken, T., 2005. Computational Methods for Algebraic Spline Surfaces: ESF Exploratory Workshop. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

A chapter in an edited book

Hertel, D., Leuschner, C., Harteveld, M., Wiens, M., 2007. Fine root mass, distribution and regeneration in disturbed primary forests and secondary forests of the moist tropics, in: Tscharntke, T., Leuschner, C., Zeller, M., Guhardja, E., Bidin, A. (Eds.), Stability of Tropical Rainforest Margins: Linking Ecological, Economic and Social Constraints of Land Use and Conservation, Environmental Science and Engineering. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 87–106.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Physics and Chemistry of the Earth.

Blog post

Carpineti, A., 2016. Alignment Of Planets May Explain Sun’s Mysterious Cycle [WWW Document]. IFLScience. URL (accessed 10.30.18).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office, 1994. Buyouts at the Department of Education (No. GGD-94-197R). U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Glazer, K., 2015. Imagining a constructionist game-based pedagogical model: Using tabletop role-playing game creation to enhance literature education in high school English classes (Doctoral dissertation). Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Walsh, M.W., 2016. Failed Talks Raise Specter of Biggest Default in Puerto Rico Crisis. New York Times A15.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Nürnberg, 2000).
This sentence cites two references (Dennell and Roebroeks, 2005; Nürnberg, 2000).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Dennell and Roebroeks, 2005)
Three or more authors: (Johansson et al., 2013)

About the journal

Full journal title	Physics and Chemistry of the Earth
Abbreviation	Phys. Chem. Earth (2002)
ISSN (print)	1474-7065
Scope	Geochemistry and Petrology Geophysics