How to format your references using the Physics and Chemistry of the Earth citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Physics and Chemistry of the Earth. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

van der Hilst, R.D., 2004. Geophysics. Changing views on Earth’s deep mantle. Science 306, 817–818.

A journal article with 2 authors

Oremland, R.S., Stolz, J.F., 2003. The ecology of arsenic. Science 300, 939–944.

A journal article with 3 authors

Laine, E.-M., Breuer, H.-P., Piilo, J., 2014. Nonlocal memory effects allow perfect teleportation with mixed states. Sci. Rep. 4, 4620.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Liu, J., Deng, Q., Tao, D., Yang, K., Zhang, L., Liang, Z., Zhang, Y., 2014. Preparation of protein imprinted materials by hierarchical imprinting techniques and application in selective depletion of albumin from human serum. Sci. Rep. 4, 5487.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Camarillo, G., García-Martín, M.A., 2005. The 3G IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK.

An edited book

Alleva, G., Giommi, A. (Eds.), 2016. Topics in Theoretical and Applied Statistics, Studies in Theoretical and Applied Statistics. Springer International Publishing, Cham.

A chapter in an edited book

Desmedt, Y., Phan, D.H., 2008. A CCA Secure Hybrid Damgård’s ElGamal Encryption, in: Baek, J., Bao, F., Chen, K., Lai, X. (Eds.), Provable Security: Second International Conference, ProvSec 2008, Shanghai, China, October 30 - November 1, 2008. Proceedings, Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 68–82.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Physics and Chemistry of the Earth.

Blog post

Davis, J., 2017. China To Ban All Trade In Ivory By End Of 2017 [WWW Document]. IFLScience. URL (accessed 10.30.18).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office, 2006. Information Technology: Improvements Needed to More Accurately Identify and Better Oversee Risky Projects Totaling Billions of Dollars (No. GAO-06-1099T). U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Shamloo Aliabadi, E., 2013. The effect of distortion on trajectory of diesel Particulate Matters (PM) from mobile sources (Doctoral dissertation). California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Sánchez, Y., 2014. Goliath Opens His Wallet. New York Times A35.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (van der Hilst, 2004).
This sentence cites two references (Oremland and Stolz, 2003; van der Hilst, 2004).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Oremland and Stolz, 2003)
Three or more authors: (Liu et al., 2014)

About the journal

Full journal title	Physics and Chemistry of the Earth
Abbreviation	Phys. Chem. Earth (2002)
ISSN (print)	1474-7065
Scope	Geochemistry and Petrology Geophysics