How to format your references using the Photochemistry and Photobiology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Photochemistry and Photobiology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Rehmann, H. (2013) Epac-inhibitors: facts and artefacts. Sci. Rep. 3, 3032.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Emery, N. J. and Clayton, N. S. (2001) Effects of experience and social context on prospective caching strategies by scrub jays. Nature 414, 443–446.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Muir, G., Fleming, C. C. and Schlötterer, C. (2000) Species status of hybridizing oaks. Nature 405, 1016.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

1. Sharon, E., Galun, M., Sharon, D., Basri, R. and Brandt, A. (2006) Hierarchy and adaptivity in segmenting visual scenes. Nature 442, 810–813.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Delgrossi, L. and Zhang, T. (2012) Vehicle Safety Communications. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ.

An edited book

1. Paschen, M. (2014) The Psychology of Human Leadership: How To Develop Charisma and Authority. (Edited by Dihsmaier, E.). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Ainsworth, S. A. and Taxman, F. S. (2013) Creating Simulation Parameter Inputs with Existing Data Sources: Estimating Offender Risks, Needs, and Recidivism. In Simulation Strategies to Reduce Recidivism: Risk Need Responsivity (RNR) Modeling for the Criminal Justice System (Edited by Taxman, F. S. and Pattavina, A.), pp. 115–142. Springer, New York, NY.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Photochemistry and Photobiology.

Blog post

1. Andrews, R. (2016) British Astronaut Tim Peake’s Space Photography Is Absolutely Awe-Inspiring. IFLScience. Available at: https://www.iflscience.com/space/british-astronaut-tim-peakes-space-photography-is-absolutely-aweinspiring/. Accessed on 30 October 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office (2009) Information Technology: FDA Needs to Establish Key Plans and Processes for Guiding Systems Modernization Efforts. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Moore, K. C. (2014)Coping strategies for adolescents whose parents have cancer: A curriculum. Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Saslow, L. (2008) Pragmatic Appeal to Voters To Approve School Budgets. New York Times LI1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (1).
This sentence cites two references (1, 2).
This sentence cites four references (1–4).

About the journal

Full journal title	Photochemistry and Photobiology
ISSN (print)	0031-8655
ISSN (online)	1751-1097
Scope