How to format your references using the Permafrost and Periglacial Processes citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Permafrost and Periglacial Processes. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Musacchio, A. 2010. Molecular biology. Surfing chromosomes (and Survivin). Science (New York, N.Y.) 330 : 183–184.

A journal article with 2 authors

Chambers, J.Q. & Roberts, D.A. 2014. Ecology: drought in the congo basin. Nature 509 : 36–37.

A journal article with 3 authors

Mempel, T.R., Henrickson, S.E. & Von Andrian, U.H. 2004. T-cell priming by dendritic cells in lymph nodes occurs in three distinct phases. Nature 427 : 154–159.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Imai, H., Obara, K., Diamond, P.J., Omodaka, T. & Sasao, T. 2002. A collimated jet of molecular gas from a star on the asymptotic giant branch. Nature 417 : 829–831.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Center for Chemical Process Safety 1995. Guidelines for Process Safety Documentation, Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An edited book

Arbab, F. & Sirjani, M. eds 2007. International Symposium on Fundamentals of Software Engineering: International Symposium, FSEN 2007, Tehran, Iran, April 17-19, 2007. Proceedings, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.

A chapter in an edited book

Ésik, Z. & Kuich, W. 2014. On Power Series over a Graded Monoid. In Computing with New Resources: Essays Dedicated to Jozef Gruska on the Occasion of His 80th Birthday. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. C. S. Calude, R. Freivalds, & I. Kazuo, eds. Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 49–55.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Permafrost and Periglacial Processes.

Blog post

Andrew, E. 2015. 4 Ways You Can Observe Relativity In Everyday Life. IFLScience.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office 1985. Block Grants Brought Funding Changes and Adjustments to Program Priorities, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Winter, J.M. 2010. Investigating the biosynthesis of halogenated meroterpenoid natural products from marine actinomycetes. Doctoral dissertation. La Jolla, CA: University of California San Diego.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Gustines, G.G. 2016. Zombies Revived in a Walking Dead Digital Comic. New York Times C6.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Musacchio 2010).
This sentence cites two references (Musacchio 2010; Chambers & Roberts 2014).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Chambers & Roberts 2014)
Three or more authors: (Imai et al. 2002)

About the journal

Full journal title	Permafrost and Periglacial Processes
Abbreviation	Permafrost Periglacial Processes
ISSN (print)	1045-6740
ISSN (online)	1099-1530
Scope	Earth-Surface Processes