How to format your references using the Pathology International citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Pathology International. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Rich P. Chemiosmotic coupling: The cost of living. Nature. 2003 Feb 6;421(6923):583.

A journal article with 2 authors

Blackburn TM, Duncan RP. Determinants of establishment success in introduced birds. Nature. 2001 Nov 8;414(6860):195–7.

A journal article with 3 authors

Hattori Y, Tomonaga M, Matsuzawa T. Spontaneous synchronized tapping to an auditory rhythm in a chimpanzee. Sci Rep. 2013;3:1566.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Li B, Sheng M, Li J, Yan G, Lin A, Li M, et al. Tear proteomic analysis of Sjögren syndrome patients with dry eye syndrome by two-dimensional-nano-liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Sci Rep. 2014 Aug 27;4:5772.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Fencott C, Lockyer M, Clay J, Massey P. Game Invaders. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2012.

An edited book

Nedjah N, Mourelle L de M, editors. Fuzzy Systems Engineering: Theory and Practice. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2005. XIII, 230 p. (Studies in Fuzziness and Soft Computing; vol. 181).

A chapter in an edited book

Falcone Y, Fernandez JC, Mounier L, Richier JL. A Test Calculus Framework Applied to Network Security Policies. In: Havelund K, Núñez M, Roşu G, Wolff B, editors. Formal Approaches to Software Testing and Runtime Verification: First Combined International Workshops, FATES 2006 and RV 2006, Seattle, WA, USA, August 15-16, 2006, Revised Selected Papers. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2006. p. 55–69. (Hutchison D, Kanade T, Kittler J, Kleinberg JM, Mattern F, Mitchell JC, et al., editors. Lecture Notes in Computer Science).

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Pathology International.

Blog post

Fang J. Desert Bird Stays Cool By Losing Heat Through Its Giant Bill [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2016 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/desert-bird-stays-cool-losing-heat-through-its-giant-bill/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Aviation Safety: Additional Actions Needed for Three Safety Programs. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1992 Aug. Report No.: T-RCED-92-90.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Escobedo NL. A continuing bonds grief support group for Latinas who have lost a child: A grant proposal [Doctoral dissertation]. [Long Beach, CA]: California State University, Long Beach; 2014.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Grynbaum MM, Koblin J. TV Host ‘Ashamed’ of Lewd Chat With Trump. New York Times. 2016 Oct 8;A12.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Pathology International
Abbreviation	Pathol. Int.
ISSN (print)	1320-5463
ISSN (online)	1440-1827
Scope	General Medicine Pathology and Forensic Medicine