How to format your references using the Pathology International citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Pathology International. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Macilwain C. Challengers in the field. Nature. 2006 May 11;441(7090):149.

A journal article with 2 authors

Fu H, Cohen RE. Polarization rotation mechanism for ultrahigh electromechanical response in single-crystal piezoelectrics. Nature. 2000 Jan 20;403(6767):281–3.

A journal article with 3 authors

Berkhout B, Das AT, Beerens N. HIV-1 RNA editing, hypermutation, and error-prone reverse transcription. Science. 2001 Apr 6;292(5514):7.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Murata S, Sasaki K, Kishimoto T, Niwa SI, Hayashi H, Takahama Y, et al. Regulation of CD8+ T cell development by thymus-specific proteasomes. Science. 2007 Jun 1;316(5829):1349–53.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Donald IW. Waste Immobilization in Glass and Ceramic Based Hosts. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2010.

An edited book

Holmberg K, Adgar A, Arnaiz A, Jantunen E, Mascolo J, Mekid S, editors. E-maintenance. London: Springer; 2010. XXV, 511 p.

A chapter in an edited book

Bonfiglio S. Fostering a Continuum of Care. In: Donnelly M, Paggetti C, Nugent C, Mokhtari M, editors. Impact Analysis of Solutions for Chronic Disease Prevention and Management: 10th International Conference on Smart Homes and Health Telematics, ICOST 2012, Artiminio, Italy, June 12-15, 2012 Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2012. p. 35–41. (Hutchison D, Kanade T, Kittler J, Kleinberg JM, Mattern F, Mitchell JC, et al., editors. Lecture Notes in Computer Science).

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Pathology International.

Blog post

Andrew E. Flower Pharmacies Help Bees Fight Parasites. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2015.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Automated Information Systems Security in Federal Civil Agencies. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1985 Oct. Report No.: 128301.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Byrd WE. Relational programming in miniKanren: Techniques, applications, and implementations [Doctoral dissertation]. [Bloomington, IN]: Indiana University; 2009.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Walsh MW. A Puerto Rican Utility Makes Progress Toward a Debt Deal. New York Times. 2015 Dec 25;B2.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Pathology International
Abbreviation	Pathol. Int.
ISSN (print)	1320-5463
ISSN (online)	1440-1827
Scope	General Medicine Pathology and Forensic Medicine