How to format your references using the Pathology International citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Pathology International. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Angerer P. Graduate journal: PhD limitations. Nature. 2004 Oct 28;431(7012):1128.

A journal article with 2 authors

Ferreira PG, Starkman GD. Einstein’s theory of gravity and the problem of missing mass. Science. 2009 Nov 6;326(5954):812–5.

A journal article with 3 authors

Li C, Zhang T, Goldman DI. A terradynamics of legged locomotion on granular media. Science. 2013 Mar 22;339(6126):1408–12.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Leinders-Zufall T, Lane AP, Puche AC, Ma W, Novotny MV, Shipley MT, et al. Ultrasensitive pheromone detection by mammalian vomeronasal neurons. Nature. 2000 Jun 15;405(6788):792–6.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Qu D. Manufacturing and Managing Customer-Driven Derivatives. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2016.

An edited book

Tok ME, Alkhater LRM, Pal LA, editors. Policy-Making in a Transformative State: The Case of Qatar. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK; 2016. XVII, 405 p. 33 illus., 2 illus. in color.

A chapter in an edited book

Little D. Actor-Centered Sociology and the New Pragmatism. In: Zahle J, Collin F, editors. Rethinking the Individualism-Holism Debate: Essays in the Philosophy of Social Science. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2014. p. 55–75.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Pathology International.

Blog post

Hale T. Meet Motobot: Yamaha’s Motocycle-Riding Robot [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2015 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/technology/meet-motobot-yamahas-motocycle-riding-robot/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Aviation Safety Hazards. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1982 Aug. Report No.: 121320.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Gada KK. Numerical analyses of passive and active flow control over a micro air vehicle with an optimized airfoil [Doctoral dissertation]. [Long Beach, CA]: California State University, Long Beach; 2015.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Wieviorka M. France, at a loss without a struggle. New York Times. 2017 Feb 10;0.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Pathology International
Abbreviation	Pathol. Int.
ISSN (print)	1320-5463
ISSN (online)	1440-1827
Scope	General Medicine Pathology and Forensic Medicine