How to format your references using the Pakistan Journal of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Pakistan Journal of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Macilwain C. Change the cancer conversation. Nature. 2015 Apr 2;520(7545):7.

A journal article with 2 authors

Pak J, Fire A. Distinct populations of primary and secondary effectors during RNAi in C. elegans. Science. 2007 Jan 12;315(5809):241–4.

A journal article with 3 authors

Viculis LM, Mack JJ, Kaner RB. A chemical route to carbon nanoscrolls. Science. 2003 Feb 28;299(5611):1361.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Ren M, Yoshimura Y, Takada N, Horibe S, Komatsu Y. Specialized inhibitory synaptic actions between nearby neocortical pyramidal neurons. Science. 2007 May 4;316(5825):758–61.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Moloney MG. How to Solve Organic Reaction Mechanisms. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2015.

An edited book

Salah AA, Gevers T, Sebe N, Vinciarelli A, editors. Human Behavior Understanding: First International Workshop, HBU 2010, Istanbul, Turkey, August 22, 2010. Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2010. IV, 173 p. 45 illus. (Lecture Notes in Computer Science; vol. 6219).

A chapter in an edited book

Hillmert S. Traditional Inequalities and New Insecurities: Long-Term Trends in the Transition to the Labor Market in Germany. In: Tremmel J, editor. A Young Generation Under Pressure?: The Financial Situation and the “Rush Hour” of the Cohorts 1970–1985 in a Generational Comparison. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2010. p. 57–76.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Pakistan Journal of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery.

Blog post

Carpineti A. New Research Into Expansion Of The Universe May Upend Physics As We Know It. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2017.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Procedures for Updating Arbitrator Disclosure Information. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2000 Nov. Report No.: GAO-01-162R.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Ma D. Acyclic congeners of Cucurbit[n]uril and a related mechanistic study on the Cucurbit[n]uril forming reaction [Doctoral dissertation]. [College Park, MD]: University of Maryland, College Park; 2010.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Vecsey G. At All-Star Game, Politics and Passion Are Also in Play. New York Times. 2011 Jul 11;D2.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Pakistan Journal of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery
ISSN (print)	0257-4985
Scope

Research and Writing Guides