How to format your references using the Pakistan Journal of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Pakistan Journal of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Kuo AD. Biophysics. Harvesting energy by improving the economy of human walking. Science. 2005 Sep 9;309(5741):1686–7.

A journal article with 2 authors

Kaya M, Higuchi H. Nonlinear elasticity and an 8-nm working stroke of single myosin molecules in myofilaments. Science. 2010 Aug 6;329(5992):686–9.

A journal article with 3 authors

Santiago J, Henzler C, Hothorn M. Molecular mechanism for plant steroid receptor activation by somatic embryogenesis co-receptor kinases. Science. 2013 Aug 23;341(6148):889–92.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Tang RH, Han S, Zheng H, Cook CW, Choi CS, Woerner TE, et al. Coupling diurnal cytosolic Ca2+ oscillations to the CAS-IP3 pathway in Arabidopsis. Science. 2007 Mar 9;315(5817):1423–6.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Cohen C. Business Intelligence. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2013.

An edited book

Bresinsky A. Strasburger’s Plant Sciences: Including Prokaryotes and Fungi. Körner C, Kadereit JW, Neuhaus G, Sonnewald U, editors. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2013. 1158 illus., 466 illus. in color. eReference.

A chapter in an edited book

Rigamonti G. Bertrand Russell. In: Bartocci C, Betti R, Guerraggio A, Lucchetti R, editors. Mathematical Lives: Protagonists of the Twentieth Century From Hilbert to Wiles. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2011. p. 27–35.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Pakistan Journal of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery.

Blog post

Davis J. Most Comprehensive Tree Of Life For 2.3 Million Species Created [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2015 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/most-comprehensive-tree-life-23-million-species-created/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Small Business Innovation Research: Observations on Agencies’ Data Collection and Eligibility Determination Efforts. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2009 Aug. Report No.: GAO-09-956T.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

James M. Numerical Study of Plateau-Rayleigh Instability [Doctoral dissertation]. [Edwardsville, IL]: Southern Illinois University; 2014.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Kelly C. Recognizing a Hurdle and Finding Her Voice. New York Times. 2014 Jun 14;A27B.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Pakistan Journal of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery
ISSN (print)	0257-4985
Scope