How to format your references using the Pakistan Journal of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Pakistan Journal of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Klarreich E. Wellcome Trust sets out fresh misconduct standards. Nature. 2001 Aug 16;412(6848):667.

A journal article with 2 authors

Monroe C, Kim J. Scaling the ion trap quantum processor. Science. 2013 Mar 8;339(6124):1164–9.

A journal article with 3 authors

Faupl P, Richter W, Urbanek C. Geochronology: dating of the Herto hominin fossils. Nature. 2003 Dec 11;426(6967):621–2; discussion 622.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Luo W, Pulsipher A, Dutta D, Lamb BM, Yousaf MN. Remote control of tissue interactions via engineered photo-switchable cell surfaces. Sci Rep. 2014 Sep 10;4:6313.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Diver DA. Plasma Formulary for Physics, Astronomy, and Technology. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA; 2013.

An edited book

Susilo W, Mu Y, editors. Information Security and Privacy: 19th Australasian Conference, ACISP 2014, Wollongong, NSW, Australia, July 7-9, 2014. Proceedings. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2014. XIV, 464 p. 61 illus. (Lecture Notes in Computer Science; vol. 8544).

A chapter in an edited book

Makrushin A, Scheidat T, Vielhauer C. Handwriting Biometrics: Feature Selection Based Improvements in Authentication and Hash Generation Accuracy. In: Vielhauer C, Dittmann J, Drygajlo A, Juul NC, Fairhurst MC, editors. Biometrics and ID Management: COST 2101 European Workshop, BioID 2011, Brandenburg (Havel), Germany, March 8-10, 2011 Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2011. p. 37–48. (Lecture Notes in Computer Science).

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Pakistan Journal of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery.

Blog post

Andrew E. The Secret of the World’s Smelliest Flower [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2015 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/secret-world-s-smelliest-flower/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Charter Schools: Limited Access to Facility Financing. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2000 Sep. Report No.: HEHS-00-163.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Rodriguez PJ. “Stepping stones”: Empowering mental health patients through connections with significant others: A grant proposal [Doctoral dissertation]. [Long Beach, CA]: California State University, Long Beach; 2013.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Eligon J. Cagey Mayweather Saves Fireworks for Last. New York Times. 2017 Aug 27;D3.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Pakistan Journal of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery
ISSN (print)	0257-4985
Scope