How to format your references using the Pain Management Nursing citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Pain Management Nursing. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Evans, D. A. D. (2006). Proterozoic low orbital obliquity and axial-dipolar geomagnetic field from evaporite palaeolatitudes. Nature, 444(7115), 51–55.

A journal article with 2 authors

Gick, B., & Derrick, D. (2009). Aero-tactile integration in speech perception. Nature, 462(7272), 502–504.

A journal article with 3 authors

Norell, M. A., Makovicky, P. J., & Currie, P. J. (2001). Palaeontology. The beaks of ostrich dinosaurs. Nature, 412(6850), 873–874.

A journal article with 8 or more authors

Lim, L. P., Lau, N. C., Garrett-Engele, P., Grimson, A., Schelter, J. M., Castle, J., Bartel, D. P., Linsley, P. S., & Johnson, J. M. (2005). Microarray analysis shows that some microRNAs downregulate large numbers of target mRNAs. Nature, 433(7027), 769–773.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Harris, M. (2015). Inside the Crystal Ball. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An edited book

Oostra, R.-J. (2007). Steding’s and Virágh’s Scanning Electron Microscopy Atlas of the Developing Human Heart (G. Steding, W. H. Lamers, & A. F. M. Moorman, Eds.). Springer.

A chapter in an edited book

Zarubaev, V. V., Belousova, I., Rylkov, V., Slita, A., Sirotkin, A., Anfimov, P., Muraviova, T., & Starodubtsev, A. (2008). Photodynamic Inactivation of Enveloped Viruses by Fullerene: Study of Efficacy and Safety. In F. Cataldo & T. D. Ros (Eds.), Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacological Potential of Fullerenes and Carbon Nanotubes (pp. 107–121). Springer Netherlands.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Pain Management Nursing.

Blog post

Andrew, E. (2015, February 16). Drinking Coffee Could Help Protect Your DNA From Damage. IFLScience; IFLScience.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. (2002). Intercity Passenger Rail: Congress Faces Critical Decisions in Developing a National Policy (GAO-02-522T). U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Redcay, J. D. (2014). Kindergarten students’ reading performance and perceptions of Ludus Reading: A mixed-method study [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Phoenix.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Miller, S. (2017, May 25). Tennis Stars on Steroids? It’s Make Believe, Right? New York Times, B7.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Evans, 2006).
This sentence cites two references (Evans, 2006; Gick & Derrick, 2009).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Gick & Derrick, 2009)
Three authors: (Norell et al., 2001)
6 or more authors: (Lim et al., 2005)

About the journal

Full journal title	Pain Management Nursing
Abbreviation	Pain Manag. Nurs.
ISSN (print)	1524-9042
Scope	Advanced and Specialised Nursing