How to format your references using the Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology (PPE). For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Masood E. Pakistan must seize the chance to revive its science. Nature 2013;500:7.

A journal article with 2 authors

Wang D, Fernandez-Martinez A. Materials science. Order from disorder. Science (New York, N.Y.) 2012;337:812–813.

A journal article with 3 authors

Cai W, Vasudev AP, Brongersma ML. Electrically controlled nonlinear generation of light with plasmonics. Science (New York, N.Y.) 2011;333:1720–1723.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Li X-Y, Ko H-G, Chen T, Descalzi G, Koga K, Wang H, et al. Alleviating neuropathic pain hypersensitivity by inhibiting PKMzeta in the anterior cingulate cortex. Science (New York, N.Y.) 2010;330:1400–1404.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Center for Chemical Process Safety. Guidelines for Chemical Transportation Safety, Security, and Risk Management. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2008.

An edited book

Bernstein HS ed. Tissue Engineering in Regenerative Medicine. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press; 2011.

A chapter in an edited book

Mas-Coma S, Bargues MD, Valero MA. Fascioliasis. In: Helminth Infections and their Impact on Global Public Health. Editor: Bruschi F: Vienna: Springer, 2014; pp. 93–122.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology.

Blog post

Fang J. Distant Species Produce Hybrid 60 Million Years After Their Split. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/distant-species-produce-hybrid-60-million-years-after-their-split/ (last accessed October 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Advanced Technologies: Strengthened Federal Approach Needed to Help Identify and Mitigate Supply Risks for Critical Raw Materials. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2016.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Sontag M. Emotion and the Labeling Process. 2006.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Kounios J. Eureka? Yes, Eureka! New York Times. June 10, 2017:SR6.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology
Abbreviation	Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol.
ISSN (print)	0269-5022
ISSN (online)	1365-3016
Scope	Epidemiology Pediatrics, Perinatology, and Child Health

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