How to format your references using the Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology (PPE). For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Risch NJ. Searching for genetic determinants in the new millennium. Nature 2000;405:847–856.

A journal article with 2 authors

Pulk A, Cate JHD. Control of ribosomal subunit rotation by elongation factor G. Science (New York, N.Y.) 2013;340:1235970.

A journal article with 3 authors

Chen R-P, Chew K-H, He S. Dynamic control of collapse in a vortex Airy beam. Scientific reports 2013;3:1406.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Sharmin F, Wakelin S, Huygens F, Hargreaves M. Firmicutes dominate the bacterial taxa within sugar-cane processing plants. Scientific reports 2013;3:3107.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Hooper J, Zalewski A, Watanabe E. Advanced Charting Techniques for High Probability Trading. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2013.

An edited book

Kriz I. Introduction to Mathematical Analysis. (. Editor: Pultr A:). Basel: Springer; 2013.

A chapter in an edited book

Reinarz J. Corpus Curricula: Medical Education and the Voluntary Hospital Movement. In: Brain, Mind and Medicine: Essays in Eighteenth-Century Neuroscience. Editors: Whitaker H, Smith CUM, Finger S: Boston, MA: Springer US, 2007; pp. 43–52.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology.

Blog post

Davis J. ExxonMobil Under Investigation Over Claims It Lied To The Public Over Climate Change. https://www.iflscience.com/environment/exxonmobil-under-investigation-claims-lying-public-and-investors-over-climate-change/ (last accessed October 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Transportation Infrastructure: Oversight of Rental Rates for Highway Construction Equipment Is Inadequate. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1993.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Jennings S. Hiring, promotions, and identity negotiation of female hiring agents in American corporate retail. 2015.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Vecsey G. Leyland Needs No Advice. New York Times. October 7, 2011:B12.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology
Abbreviation	Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol.
ISSN (print)	0269-5022
ISSN (online)	1365-3016
Scope	Epidemiology Pediatrics, Perinatology, and Child Health