How to format your references using the Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology (PPE). For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Davidson EH. Retrospective. Roy J. Britten (1919-2012). Science (New York, N.Y.) 2012;335:1183.

A journal article with 2 authors

Bunn M, Heinonen O. Nuclear safety. Preventing the next Fukushima. Science (New York, N.Y.) 2011;333:1580–1581.

A journal article with 3 authors

Raxworthy CJ, Forstner MRJ, Nussbaum RA. Chameleon radiation by oceanic dispersal. Nature 2002;415:784–787.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Alvarez-Dolado M, Pardal R, Garcia-Verdugo JM, Fike JR, Lee HO, Pfeffer K, et al. Fusion of bone-marrow-derived cells with Purkinje neurons, cardiomyocytes and hepatocytes. Nature 2003;425:968–973.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Runcie T, Dochtermann M. Making Effective Business Decisions Using Microsoft Project. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2013.

An edited book

Mishra SK. V-Invex Functions and Vector Optimization. (. Editors: Wang S, Lai KK:). Boston, MA: Springer US; 2008.

A chapter in an edited book

Hruska F. Trends in the Sensor Development. In: Intelligent Systems in Cybernetics and Automation Theory: Proceedings of the 4th Computer Science On-line Conference 2015 (CSOC2015), Vol 2: Intelligent Systems in Cybernetics and Automation Theory. Editors: Silhavy R, Senkerik R, Oplatkova ZK, Prokopova Z, Silhavy P: Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015; pp. 45–55.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology.

Blog post

Andrew D. You’ve Been Sold A Myth About Sports Drinks – And It Could Be Slowing You Down. https://www.iflscience.com/editors-blog/youve-been-sold-a-myth-about-sports-drinks-and-it-could-be-slowing-you-down/ (last accessed October 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Information on the National School Safety Center. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1985.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Maafi N. Assessment of Volatile Metabolites for In Situ Detection of Fungal Decay of Wood. 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Greenhouse L. FREELANCERS WIN IN COPYRIGHT CASE. New York Times. June 26, 2001:A1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology
Abbreviation	Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol.
ISSN (print)	0269-5022
ISSN (online)	1365-3016
Scope	Epidemiology Pediatrics, Perinatology, and Child Health