How to format your references using the Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology (PPE). For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Coleman P. Frontier at your fingertips. Nature 2007;446:379.

A journal article with 2 authors

Yan W-B, Fan H. Single-photon quantum router with multiple output ports. Scientific reports 2014;4:4820.

A journal article with 3 authors

Janasek D, Franzke J, Manz A. Scaling and the design of miniaturized chemical-analysis systems. Nature 2006;442:374–380.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Gaudinier A, Rodriguez-Medina J, Zhang L, Olson A, Liseron-Monfils C, Bågman A-M, et al. Transcriptional regulation of nitrogen-associated metabolism and growth. Nature 2018;563:259–264.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Tms. TMS 2014 Supplemental Proceedings. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2014.

An edited book

Steinmann P, Maugin GA eds. Mechanics of Material Forces. Boston, MA: Springer US; 2005.

A chapter in an edited book

Dinotta F, Ramoni S, Donofrio P, Cusini M. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. In: Atlas of Male Genital Disorders: A Useful Aid for Clinical Diagnosis. Editors: Cusini M, Donofrio P, Dinotta F: Milano: Springer, 2013; pp. 37–49.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology.

Blog post

Taub B. Sleepwalkers Who Injure Themselves Don’t Feel Pain Until They Wake Up. https://www.iflscience.com/brain/sleepwalkers-who-injure-themselves-don-t-feel-pain-until-they-wake/ (last accessed October 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Transportation Issue Area Plan--Fiscal Years 1995-97. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1996.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Rodriguez JM. Navy Supply Corps officer’s perspective on effective leadership. 2008.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Branch J. Playing a Beautiful Game. New York Times. October 25, 2016:B8.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology
Abbreviation	Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol.
ISSN (print)	0269-5022
ISSN (online)	1365-3016
Scope	Epidemiology Pediatrics, Perinatology, and Child Health