How to format your references using the Osteoporosis and Sarcopenia citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Osteoporosis and Sarcopenia. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

Feldheim DL. Chemistry. The new face of catalysis. Science 2007;316:699–700.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

di Bernardo D, Murray A. Explaining the T-wave shape in the ECG. Nature 2000;403:40.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

Duderstadt KE, Chuang K, Berger JM. DNA stretching by bacterial initiators promotes replication origin opening. Nature 2011;478:209–13.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

[1]

Zhang C, Wu B, Beglopoulos V, Wines-Samuelson M, Zhang D, Dragatsis I, et al. Presenilins are essential for regulating neurotransmitter release. Nature 2009;460:632–6.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

Korn GA. Advanced Dynamic-System Simulation. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2013.

An edited book

[1]

Pigola S. Vanishing and Finiteness Results in Geometric Analysis: A Generalization of the Bochner Technique. vol. 266. Basel: Birkhäuser; 2008.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

Tan Q. In Vivo Bioreactor: New Type of Implantable Medical Devices. In: Burleson W, Carrara S, editors. Security and Privacy for Implantable Medical Devices, New York, NY: Springer; 2014, p. 129–52.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Osteoporosis and Sarcopenia.

Blog post

[1]

Andrews R. A Solar Storm Put A Crack In Earth’s Magnetic Field. IFLScience 2016. https://www.iflscience.com/space/solar-storm-crack-earths-magnetic-field/ (accessed October 30, 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office. High-Performance Computing: High-Speed Computer Networks in the United States, Europe, and Japan. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1991.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

Loden MR. The rhetorical elephant in the room: How three political action committees are strategically [re]defining the U.S. Republican Party. Doctoral dissertation. California State University, Long Beach, 2010.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

Wagner J. Injuries and Ineffectiveness Lead the Mets to ‘Reorganize and Restructure.’ New York Times 2017:B10.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Osteoporosis and Sarcopenia
Abbreviation	Osteoporos. Sarcopenia
ISSN (print)	2405-5255
Scope