How to format your references using the Osteoporosis and Sarcopenia citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Osteoporosis and Sarcopenia. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

Quirrenbach A. Astronomy. Seeing the surfaces of stars. Science 2007;317:325–6.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

Hirsh AE, Fraser HB. Protein dispensability and rate of evolution. Nature 2001;411:1046–9.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

Paggi M, Pohrt R, Popov VL. Partial-slip frictional response of rough surfaces. Sci Rep 2014;4:5178.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

[1]

Forkey JN, Quinlan ME, Shaw MA, Corrie JET, Goldman YE. Three-dimensional structural dynamics of myosin V by single-molecule fluorescence polarization. Nature 2003;422:399–404.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

Spence R. Introductory Circuits. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.; 2008.

An edited book

[1]

Defourny B, Terlaky T, editors. Modeling and Optimization: Theory and Applications: MOPTA, Bethlehem, PA, USA, August 2014 Selected Contributions. vol. 147. 1st ed. 2015. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2015.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

Fujiyoshi M, Fujiyoshi A, Osawa A, Kuroda Y, Sasaki Y. Development of Synchronized CUI and GUI for Universal Design Tactile Graphics Production System BPLOT3. In: Miesenberger K, Fels D, Archambault D, Peňáz P, Zagler W, editors. Computers Helping People with Special Needs: 14th International Conference, ICCHP 2014, Paris, France, July 9-11, 2014, Proceedings, Part II, Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2014, p. 18–25.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Osteoporosis and Sarcopenia.

Blog post

[1]

Carpineti C. How Much Does Your Personality Change When You Drink? IFLScience 2017. https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/how-much-does-your-personality-change-when-you-drink/ (accessed October 30, 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office. Department of Energy: Procedures Lacking to Protect Computerized Data. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1995.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

Sahebjame M. Marriage: An authentic Iranian experience of the modern. Doctoral dissertation. California State University, Long Beach, 2012.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

Billard M. Out of Character, but in His Element. New York Times 2013:E7.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Osteoporosis and Sarcopenia
Abbreviation	Osteoporos. Sarcopenia
ISSN (print)	2405-5255
Scope