How to format your references using the OR Spectrum citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for OR Spectrum. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Van Swygenhoven H (2002) Polycrystalline materials. Grain boundaries and dislocations. Science 296:66–67

A journal article with 2 authors

Cory DG, Havel TF (2004) Physics. Ion entanglement in quantum information processing. Science 304:1456–1457

A journal article with 3 authors

Whiten A, Horner V, de Waal FBM (2005) Conformity to cultural norms of tool use in chimpanzees. Nature 437:737–740

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Powell PA, Wesley C, Spencer S, Cagan RL (2001) Scabrous complexes with Notch to mediate boundary formation. Nature 409:626–630

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Numai T (2010) Laser Diodes and their Applications to Communications and Information Processing. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ

An edited book

Holmarsdottir HB, Nomlomo V, Farag AI, Desai Z (eds) (2013) Gendered Voices: Reflections on Gender and Education in South Africa and Sudan. SensePublishers, Rotterdam

A chapter in an edited book

Muenchen RA, Hilbe JM (2010) Programming Language Basics. In: Hilbe JM (ed) R for Stata Users. Springer, New York, NY, pp 45–90

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for OR Spectrum.

Blog post

Carpineti A (2017) New Evidence That The Universe Is Expanding Faster Than We Expected. In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/space/new-evidence-that-the-universe-is-expanding-faster-than-we-expected/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (2003) Space Station: Impact of the Grounding of the Shuttle Fleet. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Hrivnak GA (2009) Extending a model of leader -member exchange development: Individual and dyadic effects of personality, similarity and liking. Doctoral dissertation, George Washington University

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Kenigsberg B (2017) School Life. New York Times C5

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Van Swygenhoven 2002).
This sentence cites two references (Van Swygenhoven 2002; Cory and Havel 2004).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Cory and Havel 2004)
Three or more authors: (Powell et al. 2001)

About the journal

Full journal title	OR Spectrum
Abbreviation	OR Spectr.
ISSN (print)	0171-6468
ISSN (online)	1436-6304
Scope	Management Science and Operations Research